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Ghandi
Political and ideological leader of India during the Indian independence movement pioneered satyagraha (resistance to tyranny through mass civil resistance) and ahimsa (nonviolence). Helped India gain independence and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. -
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World War I
Major war centered on Europe, triggered by assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, resulted in Allied victory, end of the German, Russian, Ottoman, and Austro-Hungarian empires, establishment of the League of Nations. Treaty of Versailles. -
Russian Revolution
Collective term for a series of revolutions in Russia in 1917, which destroyed the Tsarist autocracy and led to the creation of the Soviet Union. Resulted in abdication of Nicholas II, end of the Russian Empire, Bolsheviks' takeover of power, start of the Russian Civil War. -
Wilson's 14-Point Plan
Address intended to assure the country that the Great War was being fought for a moral cause and for postwar peace in Europe. -
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League of Nations
Intergovernmental organization founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended World War I, precursor to the United Nation. Primary goal: prevent war through collective security, disarmament, and settling international disputes through negotiation and arbitration. -
Treaty of Versailles
One of the peace treaties at the end of World War I, ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers, Germany accept responsibility for starting war and must disarm and pay for reparations. -
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Chinese Civil War
Civil war fought between the Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party) and the Communist Party of China for the control of China, eventually led to China's division into two Chinas, Republic of China (Taiwan) and People's Republic of China (Mainland China). -
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Stalin's Five Year Plans
Stalin had a total of five plans (1:1928-1933, 2: 1933-1937, 3: 1938-1941, 4: 1946-1950, 5: 1951-1955) They were a series of nation-wide centralized exercises to promote rapid economic development and industrialization in the Soviet Union. -
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The Great Depression
Severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II. Personal income, tax revenue, profits and prices dropped, while international trade plunged by more than 50%. Unemployment in countries rose to 25%-33%. -
Hitler Comes to Power
He was appointed chancellor on January 30, 1933, and transformed the Weimar Republic into the Third Reich, a single-party dictatorship based on the totalitarian and autocratic ideology of Nazism. -
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World War II
Global military conflict, involved most of the world's nations, including all of the great powers (Allies vs Axis) Marked by significant events such as Holocaust and nuclear weapons in warfare. Resulted in Allied victory, creation of the United Nations, emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as superpowers, beginning of the Cold War. -
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Mao Zedong & Maoism
Chinese revolutionary, guerrilla warfare strategist, poet, political theorist, and leader of the Chinese Revolution. Founding father of the People's Republic of China. Great Leap Forward, Cultural Revolution. Maoism- anti-Revisionist form of Marxist communist theory, derived from the teachings of Mao Zedong -
Indian Independence
Britain announced the partitioning of the British Indian Empire into India and Pakistan. -
Creation of Pakistan
Independent Muslim state named Pakistan created from the separation of the north-western region of the Indian subcontinent, partitioned from the British Indian Empire. -
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Cold War
Political conflict, military tension, proxy wars, and economic competition between Communist World (Soviet Union and its satellite states and allies ) and Western powers (United States and its allies). Expressed through military coalitions, aid to states deemed vulnerable, propaganda, nuclear arms races, appeals to neutral nations, space and technology races. -
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty, constitutes a system of collective defense where its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party. -
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Korean War
Military conflict between South Korea, supported by the United Nations, and North Korea, supported by the People's Republic of China. Resulted in Korean Demilitarized Zone established (38th parallel border) -
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Warsaw Pact
Created Warsaw Treaty Organization, mutual defense treaty subscribed to by eight communist states in Eastern Europe, was the Soviet Bloc’s military response to NATO. -
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Vietnam War
A Cold War era military conflict, North Vietnam vs South Vietnam. Resulted in North Vietnamese victory, withdrawal of American forces from Indochina, dissolution of South Vietnam, communist governments take power in Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos, and unification of North and South Vietnam under North Vietnamese rule. -
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Great Leap Forward
Economic and social campaign of the Communist Party of China, aimed to transform country from an agrarian economy into a modern communist society through agriculturalization, industrialization, and collectivization. -
Bay of Pigs Invasion
Unsuccessful action by a CIA-trained force of Cuban exiles to invade southern Cuba, with support and encouragement from US government, in an attempt to overthrow the Cuban government of Fidel Castro. Resulted in Cuban government victory. -
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Berlin Wall
Barrier constructed by the German Democratic Republic, cut off West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and East Berlin. Fell due to weakening of USSR and large protests. -
Cuban Missile Crisis
Confrontation among the Soviet Union, Cuba and the United States during the Cold War. After some unsuccessful operations by U.S. to overthrow Cuban regime, Cuban and Soviet governments began to point missiles at USA. USA begins to point missiles at Turkey. Resulted in withdrawal of the Soviet Union's nuclear missiles from Cuba and United States’ nuclear missiles from Turkey. -
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Juan Peron
Argentine military officer and politician. Elected 3 times as President of Argentina though only managed to serve one full term, served as the Secretary of Labor and the Vice Presidency. Peronism, efforts to eliminate poverty and dignify labor. -
Helsinki Accords
An attempt to improve relations between the Western and Communist Bloc nations and improve the security of the European nations by reducing the tension between the Capitalist and Communist nations. Signing of the declaration was the final act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, that was held in Helsinki, Finland. -
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Islamic Revolution
Events involving the overthrow of Iran's monarchy under Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. Resulted in establishment of the Islamic Republic of Iran headed by Velayat-e-Faqih. -
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Iran-Iraq War
Conflict between the armed forces of Iraq and Iran. Began when Iraq invaded Iran, following a long history of border disputes and fears of Shia insurgency among Iraq's long-suppressed Shia majority influenced by the Iranian Revolution. Iraq also aimed to replace Iran as the dominant Persian Gulf state. Resulted in stalemate and both Iraq and Iran accepted United Nations Security Council Resolution 598 to cease fighting. -
Tiananmen Square
Series of demonstrations in and near Tiananmen Square in Beijing in the People's Republic of China. Consisted of mainly non-violent methods and considered a case of civil resistance. Beijing students began the demonstrations to encourage continued economic reform and liberalization. June 4, tanks and troops of the People's Liberation Army moved into the streets of Beijing, using live fire while proceeding to Tiananmen Square to clear the area of protestors. -
Reunification of Germany
When the German Democratic Republic joined the Federal Republic of Germany and Berlin reunited into a single city, East German regime started to falter in 1989, when the removal of Hungary's border fence opened a hole in the Iron Curtain. The Peaceful Revolution, a series of protests by East Germans, led to the negotiations between the GDR and FRG that culminated in a Unification Treaty. -
USSR Disintegrates
Process of systematic disintegration, which occurred in its economy, social structure and political structure. Resulted in the destruction of the Soviet Federal Government and independence of the USSR's republics. Caused by weakening of the Soviet government and characterized by many of the republics of the Soviet Union declaring their independence and being recognized as sovereign nation-states. -
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Nelson Mandela
Served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999, first South African president to be elected in a fully representative democratic election. Before presidency, was an anti-apartheid activist and the leader of Umkhonto we Sizwe (armed wing of the African National Congress). -
September 11, 2001
Series of coordinated suicide attacks by al-Qaeda upon the United States. 19 al-Qaeda terrorists hijacked four commercial passenger jet airliners: crashed into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, The Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, and into a field in Pennsylvania. No survivors in any flights.