-
The first printing press ever made. It was used to mass produce Gutenberg Bibles, and then other literature. -
-
The official end of the Byzantine Empire. The Ottomans took control, and this was the beginning of their large empire of conquests. -
The reign of the Tudor Dynasty.
-
King and Queen Ferdinand and Isabella kick out all Jews and Muslims. -
The Muslim led iberian peninsula area fell to Isabelle and Ferdinand. -
Michelangelo finishes his many years work on painting the Sistine chapel. -
Beginning of the Protestant reformation by Martin Luther, these are his criticisms and reforms he wants of the Catholic Church. -
Luther is supposed to recant his actions and writings against the Church on counts of heresy, he will not recant, and stays firm in his beliefs. -
Written by Machiavelli, this is how he believes a Prince should rule in this era. He says they need to have full control, and no room for any weakness. -
Henry VIII says he is not only the boss of England, but over the Church as well. -
Written by Polish astronomer Copernicus.
Early belief that the Sun is the actual center of the solar system. -
Made for the Catholic (counter) Reformation, to combat the mass following of protestantism
-
treaty that tried to end the conflicts between the Protestants and the Catholics -
French Catholics slaughtered French Protestants on St. Bartholomew's day. -
War between Henry III, the King of France, Henry of Navarre, a protestant leader, and Henry 1 of the Catholic League, which had Spain backing him. Religious war.
-
Queen Elizabeth of England defeats Philip II of Spain. -
A decree made by Henry the IV that gave Calvinists basic rights. -
A major struggle between the Protestants and the Catholics with millions of Casualties. Beginning with the defenestration of Prague, the war escalated to Europe wide. Led through 4 phases, the Catholics were winning, but Gustavus Aldolphus turned the tide for the Protestants. This peace of Westphalia was the end of all wars of religion and gave regions of the HRE popular sovereignty.
-
The struggle between royalists, and parliamentarians. The struggle led to the beheading of Charles I, Oliver Cromwell taking power, ruling like a dictator until his death. After that, Charles II was invited to rule, but with much heavier limitations on his power.
-
The sun king lived lavishly in the palace of Versailles. He occupied the nobles with busy work to keep them from revolting, as they attempted to in Le Fronde
-
The revolution overthrowing James II and replacing him with Mary II and Henry III, little violence. This made England a constitutional monarchy, and now is led by Protestants. -
Directly produced from the Glorious revolution, this bill of rights made sure that the monarchs couldn't gain absolute power every again. -
A series of treaties, most importantly ending the war for the Spanish succession, and helping balance the power in Europe. -
Maria Theresa became queen at 23 when her father died, she was very underestimated by her subjects, and by enemy nations. Assuming her being weak, Prussia and other countries attacked often with different wars of coalition, and Maria proved herself a capable leader of this habsburg throne.
-
Denis Diderot, a French philosophe and figure of the Enlightenment created the first Encyclopedia under the home of Catherine the Great of Russia. -
What could be known as the first World war, all the major powers in Europe were jockeying for territory, Silesia for Austria and Prussia, and the Americas for France, England, Portugal and Spain. Ended by a different treaty of Paris.
-
Great Britain Industrializes.
-
Catherine the Great was one of the original Enlightened Monarchs by supporting education. She was powerful and took parts of Ukraine and Poland for Russia. She also was involved in the coup that got her husband overthrown(Peter III) that put her in power.
-
This rebellion was of the lowest class in Russia trying to gain rights and some more equality because of their suffering and lack of necessities. It was stamped out by Catherine the Great.
-
Dawg it's literally the American Revolution -
Adam Smith wrote a book called "On the Wealth of Nations" -
Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette are bums and the French people are fed up. They storm the Bastille and create the national assembly. -
Led by Francios Loussant Louverture, the enslaved Haitians led the first and only successful slave revolt, that resulted in temporary independence of Haiti.
-
Everyone who had any suspect of not supporting the new rule by the Jacobins were executed. Charles XVI and Marie Antoinette were executed as well -
Napoleon dismissed the directory, which tried to make peace after the reign of Terror, and created the Consulate, which acted like a democracy, but really Napoleon had all power. -
Yea that's about all there is to it, he's got a pretty big head now. -
The HRE finally dissolved after the final blow from Napoleon and other forces at the battle of Austerlitz. The HRE was nothing, and only a bunch of small territories. -
Napoleon defeated, then exiled by the Duke of Wellington. Conservatism is restored -
The Congress of Vienna met to help restore the balance of power in Europe after the havoc wreaked by Napoleon. -
Klemens von Metternich was the leader of the restoration of Europe in the period of the Concert of Europe. He led the concert to be very conservative.
-
Peaceful protesters were attacked by cavalry while demanding more voting rights to the parliament. 18 people were killed and many were injured. -
After the assassination of a conservative leader (August von Kotzebue), the murder was found to be a radical in nationalist student frats. This led to the issuing of the Carlsbad Decrees, which attempted to curb liberalism and nationalism by strict censorship, banning of fraternities, and constant surveillance to keep conservative order. -
Uh so he basically died. That's about it. -
After many officials decided to not swear oath to the new Tsar, Nicolas I, an coup attempting to create a constitutional monarchy was tried. It failed. -
The Belgians wanted an independent kingdom, and revolted and gained Independence from the Netherlands, and was heavily Catholic, and resented the previous protestant rule. -
Charles X was overthrown and replaced by Louis Philippe. He was known as the Citizen king, but wasn't great, and wasn't really in touch with the working class. -
This was a major stepping stone in voting laws in the UK's history. This expanded the amount of people who could vote, and changed the electoral rules, and gave larger popular areas more say than older, more corrupt, rotten boroughs. -
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels published Communist Manifesto. -
All over Europe, liberal ideas led to revolutions everywhere, but didn't lead to any real change. These all were restored to conservatism with little to no change. -
Russia is trying to take over the Crimean Peninsula, however that would heavily disrupt the balance of power with control over eastern trade in the Black Sea. This breaks the concert of Europe's Alliance because everyone makes sure Russia doesn't get it.
This was also the first modern war with constant updates with photography and war correspondants. -
The French allied with Sardinia to get Lombardy from the Austrian ruled Italian states. Went quick with high casualties -
This second stage of the industrial revolution included a lot of scientific advancement, and the creation of steel, chemicals, more railroads, and specific inventions such as the incandescent light bulb, the phonograph and the internal combustion engine.
-
Yippee! Now the serfs are just poor peasants with unstable jobs. -
Led by main figures Garibaldi and Cavour, Italy's many kingdoms are all unified into one Italy. Garibaldi was a leader in the peninsula who liberated the kingdom of Two Sicilies from the rule of the Austrians. During this Cavour is gains Lombardy with the help of the French. They merge and the King Victor Emmanuel is given the crown to the new merged kingdom. The unification is finally proclaimed and accepted in 1861 -
The Prussian's attack the Austrians, and defeat them in seven weeks, this allowed the Italians to take the area of Venetia from the Austrian Rule. -
The Prussians defeat the French so the Germans can gain the Lorraine territory on the German French Border. Otto Von Bismarck proclaimed the unification of Germany in the Hall of Mirrors in Versailles.
-
A Congress was made in Berlin to curb the power of Russia from the gains of the Russo-Turkish war. They did this by revising the treaty of San Stefano. -
An alliance formed between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. All part of Otto von Bismarck's plan to isolate France, so France didn't start a war of revenge against the Germans because of the Franco-Prussian War. -
The Berlin Conference was led by Bismarck to establish control and divide Africa among European powers.
-
Alfred Dreyfus, a member of the French Army was accused of selling military secrets to Germany. It grew and become a big battle in France over Anti-Semetism because he was Jewish. -
The Bloody Sunday Protests led to mass protests throughout the Country. After the war with Japan, Russia's loss also sparked anger. Tsar Nacholas II made the Duma after all the revolts, which is a sort of Parliament. -
Alliance of Great Britain, France, and Russia, leading to WWI -
Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia, which made the Serbs super mad. Russia initially supported the Serbs, but then backed out and supported Germany, who supported Austria-Hungary. This led to the assassination of Archduke Franz-Ferdinand. -
The Balkan Wars completely kicked out the Ottomans from Europe. This led to quarreling of territory, which drastically changed the political geography of the Balkans.
-
The Serbs were really mad at Austria-Hungary, this caused a nationalist group to assassinate the Archduke, which sparked the 1st world war.