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Created an easy way to mass produce newspapers, prints, Gutenberg bible
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Sultan Mehmed II led the Ottoman Empire and ended the Byzantine Empire
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Kick started the English Renaissance led by a English- Welch family
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Spanish Catholics forced Jews and Muslims who refused to transition to Catholicism to leave
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last Muslim stronghold surrendered
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Italian painting, sculptor, artist
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Protestant Reformation by challenging practices of the Catholic church
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assembly calling Luther to speak about his response of the pope
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Blend of Protestant and Catholic church
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legislation that decreased Henry the lead/head of catholic church
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Astronomer known for the initial construction of the solar system
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(Catholic reformation) series of meeting to address the Protestant Reformation and the Counter-Reformation.
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A treaty which ended the conflict between Catholics and Lutherans
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Catholic assasinations set on Huguenots
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3 way war between Henry I, Henry III, Henry IV
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Spanish fleet sent to invade England
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a decree King Henry IV of France that allowed substantial rights to the Huguenots, France's Calvinist Protestant minority
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protestants through catholic leaders out of a big castle causing 2 main ideas that either they were seated by God or luck in forcing more theories from each side.
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Due to religious conflicts they begin to fight primarily in Europe, defenestration of Prague, Ferdinand II, Hapsburg, Gustavus Adolphus,
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Starting because of religion and the monarchy,s use of power and money. Oliver cromwell leading parliamentarian general. Charles the I got executed and now in the English they have better relations with parliament monarchy
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British Civil Wars Royalists (Cavaliers) supported King Charles I and the divine right of monarchy, while Parliamentarians (Roundheads) backed Parliament's power to govern, leading to the English Civil War over who held ultimate authority, with the Parliamentarians eventually winning, executing the King, and establishing a republic under Oliver Cromwell's rule.
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Many treatys signed in a short period of time in Germany ending the thirty years war because it was reinforcing religious tolerance, state sovereignty, and coexisting with smaller city states.
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Louis XIV's reign at Versailles, after taking personal control in 1661 following Cardinal Mazarin's death, was defined by his pursuit of absolute monarchy, centralizing power by moving the court to Versailles to control the nobility through elaborate etiquette, ritual, and lavish displays of royal authority, making the palace a symbol of his divine right and transforming French governance.
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The execution of King Charles I on January 30, 1649, and the subsequent establishment of the Commonwealth of England, a republic ruled by Parliament, marking a revolutionary shift from monarchy to republican rule under Oliver Cromwell's influence.
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series of events in 1688‐89 which culminated in the exile of King James II and the accession to the throne of William and Mary. Turning britian from a absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy.
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The English Bill of Rights was a landmark act that limited the monarchy's power, established Parliament's supremacy, and guaranteed key civil rights, arising from the Glorious Revolution to prevent future abuses by King James II, laying groundwork for constitutional monarchy and inspiring the U.S. Bill of Rights, with provisions for free speech in Parliament, right to petition, no excessive bail or cruel punishments, and regular elections.
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The Treaty of Utrecht resolved hostilities between the enemies of the War of Spanish Succession, ending aggression between England and France. With conflict abated, the French and English intensified their commercial activities
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Austria and Sardinia defeated Spanish attacks in Northern Italy, while the during the third an increasingly global contest between Britain and France.
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Enlightened absolutist, Habsburg ruler, centralized administration, modernized the military, including taxing nobility, established compulsory education, and navigated major conflicts like the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War, solidifying the empire's strength and laying groundwork for modern Central Europe.
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Compiling human knowledge, promoting Enlightenment ideals of reason, science, and progress, and featuring other contributors like Voltaire and Rousseau, despite censorship and controversy for challenging church and monarchy.
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Britain had cheap energy with its abundant supply of coal, and labor was relatively expensive, so inventors and investors alike were lured by the possibility of profit if machines could be made that ran on coal and saved labor. In the Industrial Revolution the steam engine first powered pumps in mines.
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Marked the end of French colonial power in North America, led to Britain's rise as a global empire, and significantly increased British debt, contributing to future tensions like the American Revolution.
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Key monarchs leading to shifts in power, colonial expansion (especially for Britain), and the rise of Prussia as a major power, with Frederick challenging Austria (Maria Theresa) while Britain and France fought globally, all under Louis XV's reign in France and eventually George III's in Britain.
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Golden age for Russia, with enlightened absolutism, significant territorial expansion (gaining Crimea and parts of Poland), cultural flourishing (founding the Hermitage, promoting arts and sciences), and modernization efforts that integrated Russia into European political life
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With Great Britain emerging as the dominant colonial power by acquiring vast French territories, including Canada and lands east of the Mississippi, though this victory led to war debts and colonial tensions that fueled the American Revolution.
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Pugachev failed to take Tsaritsyn and was defeated in the steppe below that town. His closest followers betrayed him to the authorities. After a prolonged interrogation, Pugachev was publicly executed