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Johanes Gutenberg invents the printing press with the first book he prints being the Gutenberg bible. This leads to a major increase in literacy and leads to weakening in trust with the church. -
Capture of Constantinople by the Ottomans removing it from Byzantine control. Major trade city with high political and economic benefits. -
118 year period starting with the war of roses. Important events during this time: English reformation, defeat of the Spanish armada, the flourishing of the English renaissance, and England's growing prominence as a world power.
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Spanish monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella issue decree that all Jews must convert to Catholicism or leave Spain. -
Emirate of Granada surrenders to Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain. Paved way for the expulsion of Jews from Spain -
Christopher Columbus sponsored by the Spanish monarchs sailed westward on the Atlantic to try to find a new route to Asia. He ends up discovering the Americas. -
Painting took 4 years and depicted nine scenes from genesis. -
Posted 95 theses on a church door directly criticizing and apposing church authority. Complaints about faults from the church. -
Martin Luther is called to an imperial assembly where a representative of the church implores him to recant. Luther refuses and claims he is acting by gods will through his conscience. Result: Martin Luther declared a heretic and an outlaw. -
Niccolo Machiavelli publishes his guide to rulers and princes and how to stay in power. Controversial for its bare and straightforward approach that can be seen as immoral. -
Declares that Henry viii is the leader of the new Anglican church and opposes the pope. He did this to accept his own request for divorce. -
Heliocentric model means centered around the sun. part of scientific revolution. heavily opposed by the church because of disagreement with established official doctrine. -
Catholic's means of reforming. A council developed to reform and change the church to try to retain the catholic population and prevent conversion to Protestantism.
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Cuius Regio, Eius Religio. Who's religion, his religion
rulers of each territory can choose the accepted religion of their subjects. Gave rights to subjects who disagree with their lords seizure or selling of property. -
Mob violence against french protestants. 5,000-30,000. Huguenot leader, Admiral Gaspard de Coligny. -
Eighth and final war of the French Wars of religion. Between Henry iii of France, Henry of Navarre, and Henry i, Duke of Guise.
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English decisive victory resulting in the loss of 44 Spanish ships and 10,000-20,000 men. -
Results in the religious freedom of protestants. End the French Wars of Religion. -
Defenestration of Prague. Protestants throw Catholic officials out of windows at Prague castle
Four Phases war. Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, and French.
Ends with the peace of Westphalia. establishes state sovereignty, ushers in modern nation-state system. -
Royalists (Charles I) vs Parliamentarians (Oliver Cromwell)
Ends with execution of Charles I
Order of the Cromwell burger
James I
Charles I
Oliver Cromwell
Charles II
James II -
Centralized state with intendants, promoting mercantilism , fighting costly wars , and revoking Edict of Nantes to enforce religious unity.
Sun king -
Limits the power of the monarchy; establishes constitutional monarchy
Locke’s Two Treatises on Government published -
James II replaced by William III and Mary II (Protestant monarchs invited by parliament)
Leads to the English Bill of Rights -
Signifies the decline of French expansionism, Spain's golden age, and Britain's rise as a global maritime power. -
Significant administrative, financial, and educational reforms
War of Austrian succession. Major conflict sparked by Prussia's Frederick II challenging Maria Theresa's right to the Habsburg throne -
Intended to change the way people think by spreading Enlightenment ideas, secular knowledge, and promoting reason, despite facing bans and censorship from the Catholic Church and French government for its liberal content.
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Frederick the Great (Prussia), Louis XV (France), Maria Theresa, and George III (Britain)
Ends with Treaty of Paris (This is NOT the Treaty of Paris from the American Revolution) -
Shift from agrarian, hand-production economies to machine-based factory systems, starting with textiles, driven by resources like coal and iron, agricultural improvements, and a favorable political climate, leading to urbanization, new social classes (working class), and major inventions like the steam engine.
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Enlightened Absolutism, characterized by adopting Western ideas (arts, education) while maintaining autocracy, territorial expansion, and the tension between reform and reality (Pugachev's Rebellion, strengthened serfdom). She modernized Russia, expanded its empire significantly, patronized culture, and solidified its status as a major European power, but her reforms often benefited nobles at the expense of serfs, highlighting Enlightenment contradictions.
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Russia's largest 18th-century peasant revolt, led by Yemelyan Pugachev, a Cossack claiming to be the deposed Tsar Peter III, against Catherine the Great, fueled by serf discontent, land hunger, and Cossack autonomy loss, but it was brutally crushed, leading Catherine to strengthen noble power and serfdom further.
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Adam Smith publishes “On the Wealth of Nations”
Challenged mercantilism with capitalism, advocating free markets, division of labor, and minimal government intervention, arguing self-interest boosts national wealth, influencing the Industrial Revolution and Enlightenment economic thought -
Triggered under Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. Popular sovereignty, influenced by Enlightenment thinkers like Locke and Rousseau, establishing universal principles of freedom, equality, and fraternity
Storming of the Bastille
National Assembly. Revolutionary body formed by France's Third Estate in 1789 during the French Revolution, declaring themselves the true representatives of the nation to create a new constitution -
Successful slave revolt in France's rich colony, Saint-Domingue, inspired by Enlightenment ideals and the French Revolution's calls for liberty, leading to Haiti becoming the first free black republic and the only nation founded by a slave uprising.
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Led by Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety, was a period of extreme political repression and mass executions using the guillotine, justified as necessary to purge internal enemies.
Execution of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. Symbolizing the end of absolute monarchy and fueling the Reign of Terror -
Ends French Revolution; begins Consulate
Established by Napoleon after overthrowing the Directory, featuring three Consuls but dominated by Napoleon as First Consul, marking a shift towards authoritarian rule and centralization, leading to the Napoleonic Empire. -
Rejection of revolutionary ideals for autocracy, and ambition to build an empire. Done by his own hand to show that he is rejecting papal authority. -
Emperor Francis II abdicated under pressure from Napoleon, dissolving the fragmented, centuries-old entity composed of hundreds of semi-independent states and marking the final demise of medieval imperial structures in Central Europe. -
Napoleon's final defeat by Seventh Coalition army.
Congress of Vienna led by Prince Metternich restores conservative (Euro definition) order. Aimed to restore conservative order after Napoleon by reinstating monarchies (legitimacy), creating a balance of power with buffer states, and suppressing revolutionary ideas like liberalism and nationalism, establishing the Concert of Europe to maintain stability against future French expansion and republicanism. -
Charles X overthrown; Louis-Philippe becomes “Citizen King”
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Inspired by liberal, nationalist, and socialist ideas
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish Communist Manifesto
Most revolutions fail; conservative regimes restored -
Russia (under Nicholas I) vs. Ottoman Empire, Britain, and France
First modern war with war correspondents and photography -
Unification of Italy led by Cavour (Piedmont) and Garibaldi (Redshirts)
Alexander II of Russia emancipates the serfs -
Led by Otto Von Bismarck; France under Napoleon III
Ends in German unification under Kaiser Wilhelm I -
Organized by Bismarck to regulate African colonization
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Under Tsar Nicholas II, leads to creation of the Duma
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