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The printing press made newspapers cheaper, quicker, and a more efficient way to mass produce and spread information -
An internal instability with civil wars, weakening tax base with the rise of nobles and serfs, and constant invasions -
The creation of the Church of England and was apart of major trade and exploration
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Global changes between the old world to the new world, population growth between Afro-Eurasia, and exchanged staple crops -
Michelangelo was commissioned to paint the frescoes, which was a depiction of nine scenes from the book of Genesis. It took him 4 years to complete this project. -
His form is criticizing the practice of selling indulgences by the catholic church, it was claimed to provide a reduction in the time spent in purgatory. The Protestant Reformation was a 16th-century religious movement that broke the authority of the Roman Catholic Church, which led to the creation of Protestant denominations -
He defended his writings against charges of heresy. His refusal to recant his beliefs in the Diet which led to him being an outcast. The Diet of Worms is an assembly held in 1521 to address Luther's teachings which led to the event of Protestant Reformation. -
His writing hoped to regain his position as a political advisor and diplomat after Prince Lorenzo de Medici came into power. -
It appointed King Henry VIII the Supreme Head of the Church of England, replacing the Pope and severing England's religious ties with Rome. The church made sure that Henry VIII can divorce his wife and only allow male heirs to the throne. -
It introduced the heliocentric model of the solar system, positioning the Sun at the center and the Earth as one of the orbiting planets. This challenged the Ptolemaic geocentric model and is considered a foundational text of the Copernican Revolution, laying the groundwork for future astronomical advances by figures like Galileo and Kepler. -
The Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation, it provided a basis for a renewed version of the Church's era of reform and revival.
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The treaty to stop all religion wars between Catholics and Lutherans by allowing princes to choose their state's religion under the principle Cuius regio, eius religio. Cuius regio, eius religio means "whose realm, his religion." -
A targeted wave of assassinations by Catholics against Huguenots, starting in Paris spreading across France. -
It was a three-way war fought between the King Henry III of France, supported by the royalists and the politiques, King Henry of Navarre, later Henry IV of France, heir presumptive to the French throne and leader of the Huguenots, supported by Elizabeth I of England and the German protestant princes and Henry of Lorraine, Duke of Guise, leader of the Catholic League, funded and supported by Philip II of Spain.
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Philip II asked Elizabeth I to mirage which she declined, Philip II got really mad and deiced to attack England with the Spanish armada but England had fire which easily sunk the ships and a more superior armada. -
A law signed by Henry IV of France to grant substantial rights to Calvinists Protestants to end religious wars against the Catholics -
Protestant nobles threw two Catholic governors out of a window which sparked a Bohemian revolt which led to the Thirty Year War due to political and religious tensions between Protestants and Catholics. The four phases of war are the Bohemian Phase, French Phase, Danish Phase, and the Swedish Phase.The Peace of Westphalia was a bunch of treaties signed between the Spain and Dutch that ended the Thirty and Eighty Year Wars with Dutch's independence.
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Royalists (supporters of Charles I) supported divine right and absolute rule while the Parliamentarians (led by Oliver Cromwell) advocated for parliamentary power leading to the English Civil War.
Ends with execution of Charles I and establishment of the Commonwealth
Order of the Cromwell Burger -
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James II replaced by William III and Mary II (Protestant monarchs invited by Parliament) -
Limits the power of the monarchy; establishes constitutional monarchy
Locke’s Two Treatises on Government published -
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War of Austrian Succession
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Frederick the Great (Prussia), Louis XV (France), Maria Theresa, and George III (Britain)
Ends with Treaty of Paris (This is NOT the Treaty of Paris from the American Revolution) -
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Adam Smith publishes “On the Wealth of Nations” -
Triggered under Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
Storming of the Bastille
National Assembly -
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Execution of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette -
Ends French Revolution; begins Consulate -
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Congress of Vienna led by Prince Metternich restores conservative (Euro definition) order