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A war between King Charles I (army of nobility and rural gentry) and the Parliament (New Model Army). 1645 - The New Model Army defeated King Charles, but he would not admit defeat. Oliver Cromwell then took the lead and defeated the king's army, as well as captured Charles. He got rid of anyone who opposed him in Parliament (Pride Purge), creating the "Rump Parliament". He tried Charles for treason and had him executed.
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While Louis XIV was still too young to rule, Cardinal Mazarin ruled in his place. The Fronde occurred because the nobility and parlements feared his autocratic rule, so they began to revolt. The parlements wanted certain powers over the king, while the nobility believed they could gain power from the revolt. Armies from the Thirty Years' War terrorized peasants, and when nobility enlisted Spanish soldiers to help them fight, the bourgeoisie and parlements stopped supporting the nobles.
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The Protectorate, headed by Oliver Cromwell, "Lord Protector". Although it was meant to move England away from a monarchy, it wasn't much better because it was a military dictatorship. Cromwell ruled the Commonwealth with the army.
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The Netherlands and England fought 3 wars (with interruptions) in this time period. They were generally indecisive. In 1664, England annexed New Amsterdam and renamed it New York
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After Cromwell died in 1658, peasants and people of England were ready for a king again. The Commonwealth was over and monarchy was restored
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established absolute monarchy in sweden, dismissed swedish privy council, reorganized, expanded, the monarchy
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Colbert had mercantilist policies and wanted to make France financially powerful. He placed importance on French industries and tried to make France self-sufficient, so that everything needed was produced in France. He created new business models, attempted to increase exports, and built roads and canals. He created the French East India Company and tried to ensure that what was being produced would be of high quality.
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Louis XIV was pushed into negotiations, which ended this expansionist war.
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Louis XIV claimed the Spanish Netherlands and France-Comté in 1667, which was bad for the Dutch, as those areas were a buffer between them and France. The Netherlands then allied with England (with whom they were also at war, but they put that on pause) and Sweden, for the balance of power. Then, in 1672, France attacked again and took 3/7 Dutch provinces. France took 3/7 Dutch provinces, so William III allied with Denmark, Brandenburg, Austrian and Spanish Habsburgs and....
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The Ottoman Empire attempted to attack Vienna to gain control of the Danube River and trade routes. The HRE, Poland, and Austria united to stop this, so the attack was unsuccessful. It was still significant because, after the defeat, the Ottoman Empire stopped its expansion into Eastern Europe
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He was the second son of Charles I and ruled after Charles II died. He was disliked by Parliament because he wouldn't listen to them, and he kept putting Catholics in positions of power. He was also raising his son as a Catholic
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Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes to enforce religious unity, making France more united under him and making him more powerful
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When Parliament and nobility became sick of James II's Catholicism and, after they repeatedly resisted him, offered his daughter, Mary, and her husband, William of Orange, the throne. James II fled to France, and Mary and William took the throne. It's called the Glorious Revolution because it occurred without bloodshed.
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fought between France and The Grand Alliance as a response to Louis XIV's aggressive expansionism. it was indecisive and didn't have a clear winner, everything was pretty much the same as before the war
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Mary and William were allowed to take the throne on the condition that they accepted the new English Bill of Rights. This essentially took power away from the monarchy and gave Parliament more power. EX) The ruler could not annul laws passed by Parliament, only Parliament could raise taxes, etc, etc.
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military genius, made russia realize they needed to better their army
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Frederick I is crowned king of Prussia by the HRE in exchange for his aid during the war of Spanish succession
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When Charles II of Spain died, Philip V (grandson of Louis XIV) was set to take the throne. Other states in Europe feared this because it could be the combination of Spain and France under Louis XIV. William III united England, Holland, and the Austrian emperor under the Grand Alliance. Brandenburg, Portugal, and the Italian Duchy of Savoy also supported them. France, Spain, and Bavaria were allied. It was a long war, and every state had their own motives.
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This was the treaty that ended the War of the Spanish Succession. It said that Philip V could take the throne, but Spain and France must remain separate.
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Charles VI of the Austrian Habsburgs fought for a long time to pass the Pragmatic Sanction, which said that his daughter, Maria Theresa, could succeed him because he had no male heir.
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The Holy Synod was a new form of
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an enlightened absolutist - Frederick the Great
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an enlightened absolutist
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He ruled with his mother, Maria Theresa until 1780 (when she died) and then became the sole ruler of the habsburg lands until he died in 1790
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The weak Republic of Poland was annexed by Russia, Prussia, and Austria to restore the balance of power.