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this allows printed documents to be mass produced so the bible gets spread even more making people learn to read more. -
the ottoman empire takes of the byzantine empires capital and gains massive amount of land and taxes that one port next to egypt on the right -
this is when the tudor family won the roses war and made it so england had ne united church which was the anglican church
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he lands in the bahamas in the search for a faster cheaper way to india and enslaves the people and is very cruel to them -
this basically means they wanted to keep only christians in span so they kicked the muslims and jews out. -
the christians put together an army in modern day portugal and spain and try to take land from islamic beliefs. and gain a little land in modern day morocco -
he completed the big mural in the chapel showing religious beliefs and humanism -
he nailed 95 complaints to a church door and got the attention of the people leading to him becoming the leader in the protestant reformation. -
it was for the roman empire to decide how to deal with luther's teachings and how to punish him -
it was this dudes document talking about how to keep power among the people and how sometimes to need to be cruel or amazing and how you dont want to be loved or hated and how you want to be in the middle -
henry owns his own church and is a self proclaimed pope. his church of england is called the anglican church -
he made the model of his theories placing the sun at the centre of the universe -
it was the catholic church meeting to dispel the teachings of the protestant church and to break them down and to change the churches practices
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Recognizes "Cuius regio, eius religio"
it allows the roman empire to chose which religion they want between catholicism and lutheranism -
it was a large massacre against the french protestants for being a different religion than the normal -
The War of the Three Henrys was a dynastic struggle during the French Wars of Religion that was fought between 1587 and 1589. The conflict pitted the Catholic royalists led by King Henry III against the radical Catholic League led by Henry I, Duke of Guise, and the Protestant Huguenots led by Henry of Navarre.
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Philip II of Spain vs. Elizabeth I of England
it is the failed invasion of England by a massive Spanish fleet in 1588, intended to overthrow Queen Elizabeth I and end English support for the Dutch Revolt -
this gave the french protestants much more religious power and couldn't be persecuted ending the religious war -
a devastating and complex conflict primarily fought in the Holy Roman Empire, starting as a religious dispute between Catholic and Protestant states and evolving into a wider political struggle for European dominance
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a series of conflicts between the Royalists and Parliamentarians over religion, power, and money, leading to the execution of King Charles I and England becoming a republic for a period
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defined by his consolidation of absolute monarchy in France, the expansion of state power, and the construction of the Palace of Versailles. Known as the "Sun King," he centralized government by creating a strong bureaucracy, reformed the military and finance with help from ministers like Colbert and Louvois, and used lavish patronage to support the arts and sciences, making France a dominant European power
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a political event in 1688-1689 where the Catholic King James II was overthrown and replaced by his Protestant daughter, Mary II, and her Dutch husband, William III. This "bloodless" revolution established a constitutional monarchy in England, permanently shifting power from the monarchy to Parliament, and resulted in the English Bill of Rights, which limited the monarch's powers and protected subjects' rights -
established key civil liberties and limited the power of the monarchy by giving Parliament supremacy. It arose from the Glorious Revolution and established principles such as the right to a fair trial, freedom of speech in Parliament, the right to petition the government, and the requirement of parliamentary consent for taxation. -
a series of treaties in 1713 that ended the War of the Spanish Succession, establishing a new balance of power in Europe and granting Britain significant colonial gains. Key provisions included France ceding territory in North America (like Nova Scotia and Newfoundland) to Great Britain, Spain recognizing Britain's right to supply enslaved people to its American colonies, and Philip, Duke of Anjou, becoming the King of Spain but having to renounce his claim to the French throne. -
Maria Theresa of Austria reigned from 1740 to 1780, ruling the Habsburg dominions, including Austria, Hungary, and Bohemia. Her reign was marked by major wars, most notably the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War, as she fought to defend her territories, particularly against Prussia. She implemented significant reforms, strengthened the army, reorganized the tax system, and established compulsory primary education, while also being a devoted wife and mother of 16 children.
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a 36-volume French publication from 1751–1772, co-edited by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert, that aimed to compile all human knowledge. It played a key role in spreading Enlightenment ideas by promoting reason, questioning authority, and explaining secular subjects in detail, even those related to trades and crafts, and its controversial, liberal content challenged the Church and monarchy, contributing to the intellectual climate of the French Revolution.
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a global conflict primarily between France and Great Britain, fought in North America, Europe, Africa, India, and the Philippines. It resulted from colonial rivalries and disputes over territory and ended with a British victory and the Treaty of Paris. The war made Britain the dominant world power by gaining French and Spanish territories in North America and the Caribbean, but it also led to increased tensions between Britain and its American colonies
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a profound shift from hand production to machine manufacturing, driven by textile innovations like the spinning jenny, the rise of the factory system, and crucial improvements to the steam engine
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Catherine the Great's reign (1762-1796) was Russia's "Golden Age," marked by immense territorial expansion (Crimea, Poland), cultural flourishing (Hermitage Museum), and embracing Enlightenment ideals, though it also saw increased serfdom, culminating in Pugachev's Rebellion; she seized power via a coup against her unpopular husband, Peter III, and became Russia's longest-ruling female leader, modernizing the nation while consolidating autocratic power.
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Pugachev's Rebellion (1773-1775) was Russia's largest peasant uprising, led by Cossack Yemelyan Pugachev, who impersonated the late Tsar Peter III to rally serfs, Cossacks, and ethnic minorities against the oppressive rule of Catherine the Great, promising freedom from serfdom and tax relief; despite initial success in the Volga-Ural region, the rebellion was brutally suppressed by imperial forces, ending with
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the thirteen colonies stand up to great britain and declares independence
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the french kingdom was very injust with food shortages and poor social heirarchy with 3 estates clergy and nobles and everyone else
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Haiti saw all of the change and revolutions across the world and decided I'm gonna copy them too
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a violent phase of the French Revolution led by Maximilien Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety, aimed at eliminating perceived enemies of the republic through mass arrests and executions, primarily by guillotine, resulting in tens of thousands of deaths before Robespierre's own execution ended the period, marking a descent into extremism that ultimately consumed its own leaders. -
self crowned emperor that ends french revolution and takes over all of europe -
Napoleon Bonaparte seized power in France through a coup d'état, ending the French Revolution. He overthrew the Directory and was appointed First Consul, establishing the Consulate which granted him significant executive power. This marked the beginning of the Napoleonic era, as he consolidated his authority and laid the groundwork for his future empire. -
Issued in September 1819 following a conference in Carlsbad, Austria, the Carlsbad Decrees were a set of reactionary, repressive measures orchestrated by Klemens von Metternich to crush liberalism and nationalism within the German Confederation. They imposed strict censorship, placed universities under surveillance, banned nationalist student fraternities (Burschenschaften), and set up a commission to prosecute perceived revolutionary "demagogues".
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the holy Roman empire dies out and gets taken over by the french empire -
The Battle of Waterloo was fought on 18 June 1815 between Napoleon's French Army and a coalition led by the Duke of Wellington and Marshal Blücher. The decisive battle of its age, it concluded a war that had raged for 23 years, ended French attempts to dominate Europe, and destroyed Napoleon's imperial power forever -
The 1814–1815 Congress of Vienna was a landmark diplomatic conference convened by European powers (led by Austria's Metternich, Britain, Russia, Prussia) to restore stability, legitimacy, and a balance of power after Napoleon's defeat. It redrew Europe's map to contain France, restored deposed monarchies, and established a conservative order.
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The Age of Metternich (1815–1848) was a period of conservative reaction in Europe, led by Austrian diplomat Klemens von Metternich following the Napoleonic Wars. It focused on maintaining stability, legitimacy, and the balance of power, while suppressing liberalism and nationalism through the Concert of Europe. The era ended with the widespread revolutions of 1848.
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The 1819 Peterloo Massacre occurred on August 16 at St. Peter's Field in Manchester, England, when cavalry charged a peaceful crowd of 60,000–100,000 demanding parliamentary reform
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he died
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The Decembrist Revolt of December 26, 1825, was a failed uprising by3,0004 Russian officers and liberal-minded aristocrats in St. Petersburg's Senate Square. Seeking to replace the autocracy with a constitutional monarchy, abolish serfdom, and protest the accession of Tsar Nicholas I, they were quickly suppressed by loyalist troops and artillery
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The July Revolution of 1830 ("Three Glorious Days") was a popular uprising in Paris (July 27–29) triggered by King Charles X’s restrictive July Ordinances, which suspended freedom of the press and dissolved the chamber. It resulted in the overthrow of the Bourbon monarchy, Charles X's abdication, and the rise of the liberal "Citizen King" Louis-Philippe, establishing the July Monarchy
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The 1830 Belgian Revolution began in August 1830, driven by Catholic and Liberal opposition to King William I’s restrictive Protestant rule over the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. Triggered by riots in Brussels following the nationalistic opera La Muette de Portici, the revolt led to a declaration of independence on October 4, 1830
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The Great Reform Act of 1832 (Representation of the People Act) overhauled the UK’s electoral system, abolishing "rotten boroughs" and redistributing seats to new industrial cities. It expanded the electorate by about 50%, primarily benefiting the middle class, but left most working-class men and all women without voting rights
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The Revolutions of 1848, or "Springtime of Nations," were a widespread wave of failed liberal and nationalist uprisings across Europe (excluding Russia/Spain) sparked by food shortages, economic depression, and demand for democratic reform. Triggered by the French February Revolution, they led to short-lived republics and constitutional changes in Germany, Italy, and the Austrian Empire before being repressed by conservative monarchies.
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Karl Marx and Engels write the manifesto
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The Crimean War (1853–1856) was a major conflict fought primarily on the Crimean Peninsula, where an alliance of Britain, France, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia-Piedmont defeated Russia. Driven by fear of Russian expansion into the declining Ottoman Empire and religious disputes over holy sites, the war resulted in a Russian defeat and a diplomatic loss of influence in the region
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The 1859 Franco-Austrian War (Second Italian War of Independence) was a brief, decisive conflict where France and Sardinia-Piedmont defeated Austria, largely accelerating Italian unification. Key, bloody victories at Magenta and Solferino led to Austria ceding Lombardy to Sardinia, while France gained Savoy and Nice
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a period of rapid industrialization, technological innovation, and scientific advancement, shifting focus from steam and iron to steel, electricity, chemicals, and oil. It introduced mass production, transforming daily life through advancements in transportation (cars, electric rail), communication (telephone), and manufacturing
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a 19th-century political and social movement that consolidated the fragmented Italian peninsula into the Kingdom of Italy by 1861. Led by Count Cavour, Giuseppe Garibaldi, and King Victor Emmanuel II, the movement used diplomacy and military action to overthrow foreign rule, culminating in the annexation of Rome in 1870.
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The 1866 Austro-Prussian War (Seven Weeks' War) was a decisive conflict over leadership of the German states, resulting in a swift Prussian victory. Engineered by Otto von Bismarck, the war excluded Austria from German affairs, established Prussian hegemony, and led to the creation of the North German Confederation
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The Franco-Prussian War was fought between France and what is now Germany between 1870 and 1871, with Germanic states emerging victorious. The war was provoked by Otto von Bismarck, who strategically planned the whole thing with the ultimate goal of bringing about a unified Germany.
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The Congress of Berlin (June 13–July 13, 1878) was a major diplomatic summit where European powers—led by Germany’s Otto von Bismarck—revised the Treaty of San Stefano, reducing Russian influence in the Balkans. It resized Bulgaria, recognized the independence of Serbia, Montenegro, and Romania, and granted Austria-Hungary control over Bosnia-Herzegovina, rearranging the region to maintain the balance of power and temporarily stabilizing the Ottoman Empire
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It aimed to counter French influence and provide mutual support, particularly if Italy were attacked by France or if any member faced2+ other great powers. It
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The Berlin Conference of 1884–1885 (or Congo Conference) was a meeting of 14 European powers in Berlin, Germany, organized by Otto von Bismarck and initiated by Belgium to negotiate control of Africa's resources and land. It formalized the "Scramble for Africa," establishing the principle of "effective occupation" to legitimize colonial claims and prevent inter-European conflict
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he 1894–1906 Dreyfus Affair was a defining French political scandal where Jewish Captain Alfred Dreyfus was wrongfully convicted of treason, fueling anti-Semitism and dividing the nation. Key events included Émile Zola's "J'accuse!", the discovery of forged evidence by Major Henry, and final exoneration in 1906.
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The 1905 Russian Revolution was a wave of mass political and social unrest against Tsar Nicholas II, triggered by the "Bloody Sunday" massacre and defeat in the Russo-Japanese War. It forced the creation of a parliament (Duma) and promised civil liberties, acting as a precursor to the 1917 revolutions.
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The Triple Entente was a 1907 understanding between Britain, France, and Russia, forming a loose coalition to counter the rising power of Germany and the Triple Alliance. It bridged historic rivals through the 1904 Entente Cordiale (UK-France) and the 1907 Anglo-Russian Convention, fostering diplomatic cooperation to secure imperial interests, rather than a strict military alliance
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The 1908–1909 Bosnian Crisis was a major European diplomatic conflict sparked by Austria-Hungary’s formal annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, territories it had occupied since 1878. This act outraged Serbia and its ally Russia, bringing Europe to the brink of war before Russia, weakened, was forced to back down
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The 1912–1913 Balkan Wars were two conflicts that destroyed the last of the Ottoman Empire’s European holdings, creating a nationalist power vacuum in southeastern Europe. Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece, and Montenegro (the Balkan League) first defeated the Ottomans. Disputes over the division of Macedonia led to a second war, where Bulgaria was defeated by its former allies
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On June 28, 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife Sophie were assassinated in Sarajevo, Bosnia, by 19-year-old Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip.