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Gutenberg invents the printing press which leads to many people learning to read and write. Also it leads to mass production of literature and text. -
The Byzantine empire was invaded and taken over by the Ottoman empire. -
A royal house that ruled England from 1485 to 1603. They established the Church of England and launched early British colonization .
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Columbus sails across the ocean blue looking for a direct route to Asia but instead runs into America. -
The end of Muslim rule in Spain because of the catholic monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella. This led to the spread of Christianity. -
King Ferdinand and Isabella forced Jews and Muslims to convert to Christianity or leave spain. This lead to a huge drop of population and led to social and economical instability -
Michelangelo created one of the most famous pieces of arts on the altar wall in the Sistine chapel. Michelangelo was commissioned by Pope Julius II to paint the ceiling and he started in 1508. -
Martin Luther launches the Protestant Reformation. It's a list of arguments against the Catholic Church's and criticizing them about there ways. -
Martin Luther wa told to recant his writing but refused and defended his writing instead. -
the book details strategies for leaders arguing that a ruler should be willing to act immorally if necessary to secure their rule. -
A law declaring King Henry VIII the Supreme Head of the Church of England -
proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, where the Sun is at the center and the Earth is a planet that rotates daily and orbits the Sun annually. -
responded to the Protestant Reformation by clarifying Catholic doctrine and reforming the Church
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A treaty signed in 1555 that ended the religious conflict between Catholics and Lutherans within the HRE. -
a series of targeted assassinations and mob violence against Huguenots in Paris. -
the final conflict of the French Wars of Religion. Fought between King Henry III, the Catholic League leader Henry of Guise, and the Protestant Henry of Navarre
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The english navy's successful naval campaign against a massive Spanish invasion fleet, which prevented Spain from conquering England. -
A decree signed in 1598 by France's King Henry IV that granted French Protestants substantial rights in a predominantly Catholic nation. -
War in Europe over power and religion and the four phases where Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, and French. In the end Countries control their own governments and the HRE is weakened.
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Royalists who support King Charles I vs. parliamentarians led by Oliver Cromwell fight and Charles is executed, also england becomes commonwealth.
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He was King of France and was an absolute monarch, and also built Versailles palace.
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King James II got removed and William and Mary became rulers. -
It limited the king’s power and gave power to parliament it also created a constitutional monarchy. -
It ends war of spanish succession, stops France and Spain from uniting, and helps Britain gain power. -
She rules Austria and improves government and army.
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Spreads Enlightenment ideas and supports reason and learning.
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It was a big war against Britain vs. France. Ends with treaty of Paris with Britain getting the win.
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The revolution starts in Britain and its about factories and machines and people move to cities.
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She rules Russia and expands the land, also supports enlightenment ideas.
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Colonies fight Britain and was inspired by Enlightenment. America yeah🦅🇺🇸 -
It happened because people were mad at taxes and inequality. Under the reign of Louis XVI. -
Slave revolt and Haiti becomes independent
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Led by Robespierre, many executions, and King and queen killed -
Overthrows government and ends French Revolution. -
seized power as First Consul and established a powerful and centralized government -
Napoleon pressured Francis II and dissolving the empire to nothing. -
He was defeated in the battle of waterloo and kings get restored. Bye Bye -
European powers redraw borders and restore monarchies after Napoleon. -
Conservative governments try to suppress liberal and nationalist movements.
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Austria restricts universities and press to stop liberal ideas. -
in Manchester, England, local authorities violently suppressed a peaceful protest for parliamentary reform, resulting in deaths and injuries and becoming a symbol of working-class repression. -
Napoleon dies on the island of Saint Helena, where he was exiled after his defeat at Waterloo. The cause of his death is debated, but it was officially attributed to stomach cancer. -
Failed uprising against the Russian tsar. -
French king overthrown; Louis‑Philippe I becomes Citizen King. -
Belgium gains independence from the Netherlands. -
Expands voting rights in Britain and reforms Parliament. -
Liberal and nationalist uprisings across Europe; most eventually fail. -
Russia fights the Ottoman Empire, Britain, and France for more power but Russia lost.
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Rapid industrial growth with steel, electricity, and chemicals.
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France helps Piedmont defeat Austria, advancing Italian unification. -
Led by Camillo di Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi. Alexander II of Russia emancipates the serfs. -
Prussia defeats Austria and gains control of German states. -
Prussia defeats France; German Empire created under Wilhelm I led by Otto von Bismarck.
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European powers met to reorganize the Balkans after the Russo-Turkish War and limit Russian influence. -
A military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy for mutual defense in Europe. -
European powers, led by Bismarck, met to divide and regulate the colonization of Africa.
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A Jewish French officer, Alfred Dreyfus, was wrongly convicted of treason, causing major political division in France. -
Protests and strikes against Tsar Nicholas II after Bloody Sunday and defeat in the Russo-Japanese War led to the creation of the Duma. -
Britain, France, and Russia formed a diplomatic alliance to counter the Triple Alliance. -
Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina, angering Serbia and increasing tensions in the Balkans. -
Balkan states fought the Ottoman Empire and then each other over territory in southeastern Europe.
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The Austrian archduke was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist in Sarajevo, starting World War I.