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The printing press was invented and I was used to boost the spread of paper distribution leading to more literate people -
Constantinople being the capital of Turkey at the time -
English and Welsh dynasty that held the throne of England
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was a series of military and cultural campaigns by European Christian kingdoms against Muslim-ruled al-Andalus -
was an edict issued on by the joint Catholic Monarchs of Spain, Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, ordering the expulsion of practising Jews from the Crowns of Castile and Aragon and its territories and possessions -
Famous Painter -
Launches the Protestant Reformation -
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created the Anglican Church -
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treaty signed in 1555 that ended the religious conflict between Catholics and Lutherans within the Holy Roman Empire -
targeted group of assassinations and a wave of Catholic mob violence directed against the Huguenots -
eighth conflict in the series of civil wars in France known as the French Wars of Religion. It was a three way war fought between the King Henry III of France supported by the royalists and the politiques King Henry of Navarre later Henry IV of France heir presumptive to the French throne and leader of the Huguenots supported by Elizabeth I of England and the German protestant princes and Henry of Lorraine Duke of Guise leader of the Catholic League funded and supported by Philip II of Spain.
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decree signed in 1598 by King Henry IV of France that granted substantial rights to the Huguenots, France's Calvinist Protestant minority -
- Defenestration of Prague the disgruntled Protestant estates threw two royal governors and their secretary out of a window of the Hradčany Castle
- The Four Phases: the Bohemian, the Danish, the Swedish, and the French
- Ends with Peace of Westphalia The Peace of Westphalia allowed freedom of religion in the HRE
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Royalists (supporters of Charles I) vs. Parliamentarians (led by Oliver Cromwell) Ends with execution of Charles I and establishment of the Commonwealth Order of the Cromwell Burger
James I, Charles I, Oliver Cromwell, Charles II, James II, and William and Mary -
An absolute monarchy and a strong, centralised state.
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Despite being a Catholic, James became king in February 1685 with widespread backing from the Protestant majorities in England and Scotland, as well as largely Catholic Ireland, but his policies quickly eroded support. The prospect of a Catholic dynasty following the birth of his son James Francis Edward Stuart on 10 June 1688 led some of his domestic opponents to issue the Invitation to William, seeking Dutch support to remove him. -
Limits the power of the monarchy; establishes constitutional monarchy which kept the monarch as the head of state but it didn't hold all the power Locke’s Two Treatises on Government published. The contents being a critique of the government. -
Treaty of Utrecht: series of treaties ending the War of the Spanish Succession. Spanish Succession: The death of Charles II of Spain in November 1700 without children resulted in a succession struggle between Philip of Anjou, the nominated heir who was backed by his grandfather Louis XIV of France. His opponent, Archduke Charles of Austria, was supported by the Grand Alliance. -
War of Austrian Succession: conflict between the European great powers, fought primarily in Europe, the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Related conflicts include King George's War, the War of Jenkins' Ear, the First Carnatic War, and the First and Second Silesian Wars.
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The first ever encyclopedia
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Frederick the Great (Prussia), Louis XV (France), Maria Theresa, and George III (Britain) ends with treaty of Paris, giving Britain most of Frances land in the america's
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The spread of early factories and faster production of goods
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Lead Russia into a long reign of enlightened ideals
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the Pugachev’s Rebellion started in protest to Catherine II seizure of power.
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America revolts from great Britain in order to form a democracy and as a sovereign nation -
this served as the stepping stone in the creation of a political economy -
Triggered under Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
the declaration of the rights of man served as an example of what inspired the French revolution and some of its idea. Storming of the Bastille.
A group of revolutionaries stormed the fortress seeking to free prisoners and claim weaponry. National Assembly
served as the primary form of decision making and was ruled by the clergy and nobility. -
with the inspiration of the French revolution, Haiti revolted against France to gain independence
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Execution of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette The reign of terror served as a point in the French revolution where many people were executed -
Ends French Revolution; begins Consulate
Napoleon Bonaparte during the first consulate established him as the head of the French government, giving all the power however still having France technically hold more than one leader. -
Making him the only leader of France despite already holding all the power in France. -
The end of the HRE (Holy Roman Empire) caused by the pressure of napoleon. -
This marked the end of Napoleon reign and the establishment of the Congress of Vienna. With the Congress of Vienna serving as the primary form of government in France -
international diplomatic meetings to discuss Europe politics -
This is the official end of the Napoleon dynasty -
Charles X overthrown; Louis-Philippe becomes Citizen King -
Revolutionary wave in Europe which took place in 1830 -
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Inspired by liberal, nationalist, and socialist ideas
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish Communist Manifesto
Most revolutions fail; conservative regimes restored -
Russia under Nicholas I vs. Ottoman Empire, Britain, and France
First modern war with war correspondents and photography
1859: Franco-Austrian War -
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fought between the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia, with each also being aided by various allies within the German Confederation -
Prussia led by Otto von Bismarck; France under Napoleon III
ends in German unification under Kaiser Wilhelm I
1878 Congress of Berlin
1882 Triple Alliance formed -
Organized by Bismarck to regulate African colonization
1894 Dreyfuss Affair -
Under Tsar Nicholas II; leads to creation of Duma
1907: Triple Entente Forms
1908 Bosnian Crisis
1912-1913 Balkan Wars
1914: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand