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The Printing Press was invented in Germany, and was used to quickly reproduce texts, which would have previously been done by hand. This caused a large increase in literacy among the lower classes, and the quick spread of information across Europe. -
The siege of Constantinople led to a block in the Silk Road, and to the social isolation of Eastern Europe. This eventually caused the birth of Eastern Orthodox Christianity, and the spread of greco-roman ideas and texts into Western Europe. -
The Tudor family ruled over England, and created the Anglican church to protect the interests of the royal family. They often collaborated heavily with Parliament, eliminating the need to become absolutist to maintain power.
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The Renconquista was the attempt to unify Spain under the rule of Isabella and Ferdinand through the use of cultural campaigns and military conquest against Muslims. Granada was the last Muslim stronghold on the Iberian peninsula, which causes the unification of Catholic Spain. -
A decree that forced the people of Spain to either convert to Catholicism, or leave Spain. This was done to reinforce the power of both the Catholic church and the Spanish monarchy. -
Columbus sailed West in hopes to wrap around the world and land in India to avoid the monopoly the Dutch had on the African ports. He eventually landed in the Caribbean, which led to the colonisation of the Americas. -
Painted by Michelangelo as a commission by the Catholic church. Example of Renaissance art and the humanist movement, which emphasized realism, perspective, and strategic composition. -
A list of criticisms against the Catholic church nailed to the door of a church by Martin Luther, which was the reproduced and spread around Europe through the use of the printing press. This kicked off the Protestant Reformation, where many Catholics separated from the church and became Protestants. -
An assembly to have Martin Luther redact his criticisms of the Catholic Church, which he didn't do. Eventually, it caused the Edict of Worms, which declared Martin Luther and anyone who propagated his ideas as a heretic. -
A book written by Niccolo Machiavelli, that claimed that rulers should consolidate power by any means necessary, because the security of the state is more important than any morals or religious convictions. -
A proclamation that declared that the official religion of England was the Anglican church, which was headed by the ruler of England. -
The novel On The Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres by Nicholaus Copernicus was published during the Polish Renaissance, and developed the idea of a heliocentric solar system, or the idea that planets revolve around the sun instead of the Earth. -
An ecumenical council of the Catholic Church that worked to reform the church from within in response to the Protestant Reformation through clarifying texts and doctrines to be available to the common people.
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A treaty that allowed the rulers of the Holy Roman Roman Empire to chose whether their kingdom and their subjects were Catholic or Protestant. -
A massacre committed against the Huguenots, or French Calvinists, for the consolidation of political power and unification under Catholicism, which ultimately failed and kicked off the thirty year war. -
A war fought between King Henry III of France, King Henry of Navarre, and Henry of Lorraine over who would inherent the French throne. It was won by King Henry of Navarre, who became King Henry IV as a result, and is known to be one of the last wars of religion.
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The English Navy, under Queen Elizabeth I, defeated the Spanish Navy in the Battle of Gravelines, preventing the plot to overthrow the Tudor Dynasty and implement a Spanish monarch. -
A decree written by Henry IV of France declaring religious freedom for Huguenots, or French Calvinists, outside of Paris. -
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When Protestant nobles threw a Catholic -
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