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Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press which makes literature more available. The first book Gutenberg printed was the Gutenberg Bible. -
Constantinople gets captured by the Ottoman turks which causes the fall of the Byzantine Empire. -
Family in England that started centralization of royal power and the English Reformation in England.
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In 1492, Christopher Columbus set sail to the West to attempt find a quick route to Asia aka India but he ends up finding North America. -
Jewish and Muslim people being forced to leave Spain under the rule of Ferdinand and Isabella -
The surrender of the last Muslim stronghold in Spain. -
Michelangelo completed the paintings on the Sistine Chapel ceiling which show big characteristics of artistic humanism. -
Martin Luther's 95 Theses was book being critical on the Catholic Church which started. These examples include him believing there is an abuse of power and that being saved can't be earned by doing good deeds. 95 Theses also helped start the Protestant Reformation. -
Movement in 1517 creating Protestantism. This movement was mainly started by Martin Luther's book called "95 Theses". -
Martin Luther was summoned by Charles V to say that his teachings that are against Catholic practices weren't true and falsified but Luther didn't agree. Because of him being against this he was declared a criminal. -
The Prince was a book published by Niccolo Machiavelli. One of the main ideas was that a ruler should maintenance power even if it requires force. -
The Anglican Church (Church of England) was created by Henry the VIII after he tried to divorce his wife. -
The act of supremacy make Henry the VIII the head of the Catholic Church. This also lead to the creation of the Anglican Church. -
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres was published by Copernicus who was an astronomer from Poland. -
Council made by the Catholic Church because of the Protestant Reformation and backup Catholic practices.
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Treaty that ended conflict between Catholics and Lutherans by allowing leaders to choose being Catholic or Luther as the religion of the area they are in charge of. Cuius regio, euis religio came from this event. -
Riot towards Huguenots during the French Wars of Religion -
Fight between King Henry the 3rd, Henri I de Lorraine, and Henry of Bourbon king
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Two rival due to religious differences like Catholic and Protestant. -
English fighting off an invasion by the Spanish. -
Decree from King Henry the 4th from France. It gave Huguenots civil rights even in a heavily Catholic nation. -
First stage of the Thirty Years War. Started with the Defenestration of Prague in 1618.
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Protestant nobles threw two Catholic Imperial officials out a window at Prague Castle, protesting Habsburg Catholic policies. Started the Thirty Years War -
War mainly in the Holy Roman Empire mainly about religion. It ended with the Peace of Westphalia
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Second Phase of Thirty Years War. Started with King Christian IV of Denmark intervened in the war to support Protestants.
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Third phase of Thirty Years War. Started with King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden intvering saving the Protestant's from collapse.
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Fourth and final phase of the Thirty Year Wars. Cardinal Richelieu taking the war from religion to political stance.
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Royalists: supports of monarchical rule and absolute monarchy. Parliamentarians: supports of English Parliament, parliamentary sovereignty, limits on monarchical power -
Conflict between Royalists lead by King Charles the I and Parliamentarians/Roundheads over power, taxes, and religion
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It ended the Thirty Years War and established the modern concept of sovereign states and recognized Calvinism alongside Catholicism and Lutheranism. -
Charles the I was executed to show a challenge to the divine right monarchy which comes from the English Civil War. The Commonwealth was England's period of time having a republican government which occurred after Charles got executed. This government was lead by Oliver Cromwell who made a government by electing people which made the Parliament and a Council of State. -
Charles I, James I, Oliver Cromwell, James II, Charles II -
Louis XIV also known as the Sun King rules form his palace in Versailles mainly built with the peoples tax money
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King James II got overthrown and William III and Mary II took over the throne who were Protestant's took over the throne. Which made them establish Parliamentary sovereignty and constitutional monarchy -
The English Bill of Rights which was created after the Glorious Revolution limited the monarchy power while also establishing a constitutional monarchy. -
The Two Treatises of Government is a work by John Locke published after the English Bill of Rights. This work talked mainly about natural rights which include life, liberty, and property. This work challenged the divine right of kings which was a belief that a monarch got their power to rule from God so they can do whatever they want to do. -
This Treaty established a balance of power to prevent the French and Spanish unification. It also shifted power away from absolute monarchy to a more stable form of government -
It started in 1740 and lasted until 1748. Started with Prussia's Frederick II trying to challenge Maria Theresa of Austria to get the Habsburg throne from her. -
Female ruler for the Habsburgs. Key figure in Enlightened Absolutism. She was known for centralizing administrations, reforming education/taxation, and strengthening the military
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Diderot's Encylopedia was a key item for Enlightenment ideals which was made to spread knowledge. It challenged traditional authority by using reason, empiricism, and secular thinking using articles.
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Big war involving a lot of European countries like Britain (George III), France (Louis XV), Austria (Maria Theresa) and Prussia (Frederick the Great). Driven by the French and Indian War and European power struggles. It ended with the Treaty of Paris which gave Britain more control with more territories in North America.
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Great Britain shifts to more industry with things like machines and factories which are driven by coal and iron. This also lead to urbanization and social issues spreading new ideas like liberalism and socialism.
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Catherine the Great was a very big figure in Enlightened Absolutism. She used a lot of Enlightenment ideals and she modernized Russia using legal and educational reforms
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Russia's largest peasant revolt. The guy who started it claim he would give people freedom and land but it was ended by Catherine the Great. Catherine lead to strength nobel control over peasant. The rebellion was also a challenge to Enlightenment.
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A big example of Enlightenment ideals like liberty and popular sovereignty which sparked a revolt against Britain leading to America's independence and also inspiring people in Europe. The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith also gets published which talks about modern economics, critquing mercantilism and it promoted self interest and free markets. -
The start of radical change, triggered by poverty and shortage in food. Triggered under Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. The Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen proclaimed rights like liberty, equality, and fraternity which was influenced by the Enlightenment. Storming of Bastille was a turning point show the peoples defiance of tyranny. The National Assembly was a revolutionary body formed by France's Third Estate -
Anti-colonial and anti-slavery revolt in the Saint-Domingue colony of France. Inspired by the French Revolution ideals. It was the first free black republic
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It was lead by Robespierre a radical Jacobin leader and the Committee of Public Safety. The Reign of Terror was the very violent and radical. The purpose to crush enemies of the revolution using arrests and guillotining people. -
Louis XVI was guillotined for treason and then nine months later his wife, Marie Antoinette also got guillotined for high treason and crimes against the state. -
Napoleon Bonaparte seized power of France during the Coup of 18 Brumaire. The corrupt Directory got overthrown and it helped the French Empire start. The French Revolution ends and the Consulate begins. -
Napoleon crowns himself the Emperor of France at the Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris in 1804. He took the crown from Pope Pius VII and then put it on top of his head showing that he had more authority than the Church. -
The Holy Roman Empire ended in 1806 after Napoleon turns it into the Confederation of the Rhine which made a shift of power in europe towards France and Napoleon. -
The Congress of Vienna diplomatic conference that established a balance of power system in Europe led by Klemens von Metternich -
Napoleon was defeated by the Duke of Wellington in Waterloo, Belgium. The Congress of Vienna was a conference of European powers after Napoleon's defeat to restore the old monarchical order, establish a balance of power, and restore the conservative order.
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Napoleon Bonaparte dies at the age of 51 after being exiled to an island where it was found he died of stomach cancer -
King Charles X gets replaced with Louis Philippe who is a constitutional monarchy -
The Great Reform Act of 1843 modernized electoral system by redistributing parliamentary seats to industrial cities and extending to the middle class which increased votes exponentially. -
Published by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848 which focuses on class struggle/class consciousness and the critique of capitalism. -
The Revolutions of 1848 were a connected series of revolutions that occurred across Europe due to economic crisis and socialism. Most revolutions fail but conservative regimes are restored. -
This war included Russia and they were against the Ottoman Empire, Britain, and France. One of the main causes due to the fact that the Ottoman Empire was becoming the "sick man of Europe" due to lost power. This war was the first modern war with photography and correspondents.
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Key conflict in the unification of Italy. Napoleon the III of France allied with Sardinia-Peidmont to defeat Austria to make them retreat from Northern Italy -
Unification of Italy using realpolitik and the Redshirts to get rid of Austrian influence. -
Alexander the II of Russia emancipates the serfs in Russia after losing in the Crimean War while granting more personal freedom and land ownership rights. -
Otto von Bismarck of Prussia and Helmuth von Moltke of Prussia were victorious of the Austrian Empire. This happened to solidify dominance over the German Confederation which in turn established the North German Confederation. -
Prussia led by Otto von Bismarck and France led by Napoleon the III fought in a war which ended up unifying Germany under leadership from Prussia/Kaiser Wilhelm I and the German Empire being established.
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Conference made by Otto von Bismarck to reorder Balkan territories to maintain a balance of power. -
Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy teaming up against France to isolate them and balance power in Europe. -
Organized by Otto von Bismarck to regulate rules of the colonization of Africa. It was the start of the Scramble for Africa.
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A political scandal in the French Third Republic for the wrongful conviction of Alfred Dreyfus for treason. It was related to anti-Semitism which was the cause for this. -
Led by Tsar Nicholas the II which leads to the creation of Duma. The revolution was mass upset people which was caused by defeat in the Russo-Japanese war. The Duma was an elected legislative body. -
An informal alliance between France, Great Britain, and Russia was the counter to the German led Triple Alliance -
Austria-Hungary's annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina made Russia and Serbia upset which damaged relationships with the Ottoman empire and a lead up to World War 1. -
Wars that occurred to attempt to remove the Ottoman Empire from Balkans and the expansion of local states territories.
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The heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne gets assassinated on June 28, 1914 which was a spark for World War 1. This assassination caused a chain reaction leading to World War 1.