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Exchange of animals, crops, and resources between the Old and the New World. European diseases were also brought to the Americas and killed huge numbers of Native Americans due to their lack of immunity.
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Incentives:
●Resources: raw material, gold/silver, land
●Religion: escape from persecution; religious freedom; spread of Christianity
Colonizers:
●Spain: South America, Florida, Caribbean, Mexico
●Portugal: Brazil, South America
●France: Haiti, Dominican Republic, French Guiana and Quebec/St. Lawrence River (Canada), Louisiana
●Netherlands: Hudson River, NY -
●First permanent settlement in the US.
●Virginia Stock Company: MONEY!!!
●Headright system: land for whoever comes
●European indentured servants: 3-7 yrs, then can get land
●No religious tolerance
●Tobacco plantation -
●Pilgrims
●Mayflower Compact: self-government
●No separation btw church and state: religion most important
●Fur trade, ship building, whaling -
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●Winthrop: City upon the hill––set an example for England
●Puritans
●NO RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE: Anne Hutchinson & Rogers Williams exiled
●Fur trade, shipbuilding, whaling -
●Refuge for Catholics
●More religious tolerance than VA (Act of Tolerance for all Christians)
●Tabacco plantation -
●Fur trade, ship building, whaling
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●Roger Williams
●Seperation of church and state
●Religious tolerance1636 -
●Pequot tribe v.s. Puritans (NE): annihilation of Pequots in 2 months
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●Originally New Sweden
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●Founded Charles Town, SC
●Influx from Barbados to plant sugar
●Rice and indigo plantations
●Religious tolerance -
●Originally New Amsterdam of the Dutch
●Fur trade, ship building, whaling -
●rich landowners v.s. poor settlers
●Govt. refused to send military support (Cheseakpe)
●Colonists group: Bacon (VA general, WAR!!); Native conspiracy against English
●Total chaos: "our time of anarchy" -
●Wampanoag v.s. English (NE)
●Refusal of religious conversion
●3000 Native Americans died
●thousands of Native Americans fled/sold into slavery -
Spanish v.s. Puebloan tribe (NM)
Causes:
●Spanish suppressing Native American's belief: no religious practice
●Enforcing Catholicism
●Puebloan's religious leader Popé
Effects:
●400 colonists killed, 200 Spaniards & Christians Puebloan fled (NM)
●Traces of Spanish rule gone, Spanish exiled 12 yrs, came back in 1692
●Greatest act of Indigenous resistance -
●Founded by William Penn
●Quakers
●Religious tolerance
●Against slavery
●Encourage diversity
●Peace with Native Americans -
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William and Mary
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●Leaving the colonies along
●Beneficial -
●Yamasee v.s. English (SC) Causes:
● Long-term conflict, traders first target
●Provocation by Europeans in order to enslave Natives
●Murdered British traders traveling along East Coast who were caught in the conflict Effects:
●70% SC settlers killed
●Trade resumed by 1717, but enslaved Indigenous people trade dwindled
●Cherokee Alliance of 1716
●United Native Americans in the southeast → contributed to the emergence of native confederations -
●Moving toward capitalism
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●Founded as a philanthropic experiment
●Military buffer against Spanish Florida
●No slavery at first -
●Tax on imported rum
●Colonists ignored it ➔ smuggling continued -
●Enslaved ppl v.s. Colonists (SC)
Causes:
●Enslaved ppl hear successful runaways (escape to FL for freedom & land)
●Spanish proclamation: slaves deserted to St. Augustine had same treatment
●Security Act soon to be announced (all white men bear guns to church)
Effects:
●Casualties: 20-25 white ppl, 30 enslaved killed -
●Coal/water power; machines
●consumerism: more goods to buy -
●Redistribution of land
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●Native Americans v.s. British
●Great Lakes & Ohio River Valley -
●Land west of Appalachian Mountains for American Indian reservations
●Non-Natives there were asked to relocate ●Reduce conflict with Natives -
Sugar Act
●Combate smuggle of molasses
●Cut duty in half but increase enforcement
●Cancel trial-by-jury Currency
●Restricted printing paper money Effect:
●Impeded transatlantic economy (bad during recession 1764) -
●All documents stamped (pay duty)
Significance:
●First direct/internal tax
●Directly affected ppl: printers, lawyers etc. -
●Samuel Adams
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●Declaratory Act: Parliament had full power to pass lawa
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●New duty on common stuff (lead, glass etc.)➔ABUSE OF POWER! Effect:
●Increased British presence in the colonies
●Limiting power of colonial assemblies -
●Parliament repealed all new duties except tea (save face & assert that Parliament had the right to tax colonies)
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●British sent regiments to enforce the acts
●soldiers fired when the gathering at the Custom House got bigger
●five people died -
●List with promises not to buy British goods
●Committees of Inspections made sure no one broke the agreement Effect:
●Forged colony unity -
●lower the price BUT colonists angry at Britain taxing whatever they want -
●wanted improvement rather than independence -
●even stopped exports
●women involved in politics -
●shut down Boston port
●royal governor to MA
●British criminal tried in Britain
●soldiers quartering in colonists' houses
●Quebed: Britain's now ●to punish MA Effect:
●further unified the colonies
●push colonies away from Britain -
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●1775: Battle of Lexington
●1775: Battle of Concord ➔ Continental Army (George Washington
●1777: Bettle of Saratoga ➔ turning point, France helped the US
●1781: Battle of Yorktown ➔ The World Turn Upside Down -
●created Continental Army
●plan defense for colony & prepare the militia
●1 doc apologized to King, 1 doc to justify their reason for fight ➔ King rejected both, created his own proclamation -
●New govt (NO MONARCHY!) ➔ more ppl joined to rebel
●Republic govt -
●declare independence from Britain & explained why
●Life, Liberty & Pursue of Happiness
●All men are equal
●free & enslaved black people fought on both sides, some fled -
●navigation rights along the Mississippi
●New Orleans port -
Problems:
●No executive and Judicial Branch
●Unicameral Congress: no power to levy tax, raise military
●Difficult to amend AOC 13/13 → 9/13 get a law
●No international state trade
●No crime system
Achievements:
●1785 Land Ordinance
-how to divide up land that will be sold to the government
-land are divided very evenly
●1787 Northwest Ordinance
-Population > 60,000 = statehood
-No expansion of slavery -
●independence to US
●No Indigenous People representation Social Changes:
●separation of church and states
●ablolished aristocracy
●slavery remained legal, some states gradual emancipation
●Britain evacuated thousands of enslaved
●end of mercantilism
●more conflicts with Natives ➔ pouring into Mississippi Valley; Many Natives sided with Britain –– targeted revenge
●voting rights expanded
●inspired French & Haitian revolution
●Continental Congress encouraged states to write their Constitution -
●protested for debt, lack of currency and high taxes
●Articles of Confederation too weak (no national army to put down the rebellion) -
Federalists (North eg. Alexander Hamilton):
●YAY CONSTITUTION!👍 Anti-Federalists (South)
●NO CONSTITUION!👎 ➔ central govt. too powerful, threatening individual liberty (NO BILL OF RIGHTS) Compromise 1:
●NJ Plan (small states): go w/ old plan, 1 vote/state
●VA Plan (big states): more ppl more votes
●Great Compromise: Senate (2) + House of Representation
●3/5 Compromise: black ppl count as 3/5 of a person
●Commerical Compromise: ① taxes on foreign imports ② international slave trade til 1808 -
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●president: George Washington
●vice president: John Adams
●secretary of state: Thomas Jefferson
●secretary of treasury: Alexander Hamilton Federalists (Adams/Hamilton)
●strong central govt.
●repuclic led by elites
●loose interp. of the Const.
●National Bank✅
●econ. commerce & industry
●North/New England
●Pro-British Democratic-Republican:
●weak central govt.
●democracy of virtuous farmers & tradespeople
●strict interp. of the Const.
●National Bank❌
●econ. farming
●South/West
●Pro-French -
Abolitionism:
●1817 American Colonization Society: Liberia in Africa ➔ move all black there
●William Garrison: immediate & uncompensated emancipation
●Federick Douglas
●Harriet Tubman: underground railroad
●1831 Nat Turner's rebellion VA Women's Right:
●republican motherhood
●Elizabeth Stanton Temperance:
●1826 American Temperance Society Education
●Horace Mann: father of American eduction
-school for everyone
-public school Mental Illness:
●Dorothea Dix: hospitals for the mentally ill -
●National Bank (chartered for 20 yrs) ➔ encourage ppl settle in the West
●US est. its govt. as a trustworthy institution
●Compromise: capital in the south (Washington DC) -
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●tax whiskey to pay off debt (whiskey consumption increases)
●tax too high! ➔ REBEL!!
●Washington went -
●Britain didn't respect US neutrality
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●British refused to renounce future seizure
●US would pay the debts
●good thing? "delayed" the war until 1812 when US was able to resist -
●no political parties!
●don't intervene in European issues (no permanent alliance) -
●Jefferson won
●first peaceful transfer of power btw. parties -
●vice presidents: Aaron Burr (1801-1805); George Clinton (1805-1809)
●Midnight appt.: Adams
●John Marshall: Judicial Review (Marbury v. Madison 1803) -
●US: more land for agriculture
●France: money to fight
-Haitian Revolution: independence, French gave up NA colonies
●acting like Federalists: loose interpretation. of Constitution -
●US: stop foreign trade, harmful for Britain & France
●reality: harmed itself more ➔ some ppl boo Jefferson! -
Causes:
●British blockade
●draft Americans on the boat into navy
●War Hawks (Calhoun & Clay): expand to British Cananda & Spanish FL
●Conflict with Natives: rebel bc they supported Britain
Effects:
●P: decline of the Federalist party
●E: growth –– boycott British goods ➔ north manufacture
●S: nationalism -
●Britain fought Napolean, no more war with US
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●North Federalists: can't win Britain too strong!
●actually won ➔ Federalist party died -
●Andrew Jackson: war hero
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●tariff
●internal improvements (Erie Canal & Cumberland road)
●2nd National Bank rechartered 1816-1836
●1819: McCulloch v. Maryland (Elastic Clause to create national currency) -
●president James Monroe
●Monroe Doctrine: ①No more colonization in North America! ②Northern land (OR, WA) up for interpretation
●FL sold to US (Adams-Onis Treaty 1819) Really Good Feelings?
●Native Americans: US pushed into their lands
●enslaved: slavery grew
●women & lower class whites
●Panic of 1819: depression ➔ distrust for bank in the West
●Democratic-Republican party split -
●Missouri slave state, Maine free state ➔ balance Congress votes
●36º36' line: south of it slave, north of it free -
●transportation revolution: canals, railroads etc.
●railroad growth 1850s: connect Northern textile & Southern cotton
●communication revolution: telegraph, steam printing press
●social revolution:
-division in gender roles: public & private life in upper class, work & home division
-"romantic childhood": education etc.
●slavery: less slave labor but more relied on Southern cotton (slave)
●empolyer-empolyee system (no more apprentice)
●others: immigration, urbanization, banks for average ppl -
●vice presidents: John Calhoun (1829-1832), Martin Van Buren (1833-1837)
●Anti-John Quincy Adams: "corrupt bargain", "elitist", "aristocracy"
●Jacksonian Democracy: appeal to common men; unlike Jeffersonian (elite) -
●pushed Native Americans further west
Cherokee nation v. Georgia
●Cherokee: our land! You signed the treaty!
●Supreme Court: they're right, Georgia's problem (no real power to enforce the decision ➔ ignored by US) -
Jackson:
●Bank of US for rich ppl! (but he's rich)
●didn't know the role of bank
1832 Recharter of Bank of US: vetoed by Jackson ➔ deposited to state banks ➔ printed paper money ➔ inflation ➔ depression 1837
●KING ANDREW Bank of US:
●very powerful –– money coming in from land sale
●stablizing force for the economy
●monitor the state banks -
●State right v. Federal Govt.
●SC protest, nullify Causes:
●North: high tariff –– protect industry in North
●South: low tariff –– export, scared that the other countries would have trade wars Effects: Compromise of 1833
●Lowered tariff
●SC dropped nullification -
●1836 Specie Circular
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●Forced Native American displacements & ethnic cleansing
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●Moral leader (Monroe Doctrine)
●Improvement of land (agriculture)
●Constitution/God: spread democracy
●US UNIQUE!
●doctrine/belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable. Opposition: democracy through example, not conquest -
●Westward expansion!
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●border dispute
●US won
●1845: US annexation of Texas -
●Cons: ①environmental costs ②conflict btw. people
●CA genocide of Native Americans -
●Henry Clay
●California––Free state
●NM & UT Territory––popular sovereignty when became states
●Fugitive Slave Law: pursue runaway slaves -
●Stephen Douglas
●build railroads at Chicago (North), gotta give sth. good to the South
●KS & NE: popular sovereignty (oppose Missouri Compromise bc it stated that nos slavery there) Effects:
●Bleeding Kansas
-ppl going to KS to get the popular vote
-both North and South there: FIGHT!!
●1854 Republican Party
-stop expansion of slavery
-American Party + Free Soil Party (main idea) + Northern Whigs Party (territory) -
●Dred Scott: escaped to North, saw himself as a free man
●Sanfor: no you're not free
●Judge:
-slaves were property, not citizen
-Congress had no power to stop slavery in a territory (violate Missouri Compromise)
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●fear that they couldn't have slavery
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Why Move West?
●Mining, cattle, ranching, farming -
●contrand camps
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●Butler's contraband
●enslaved ppl can't be taken back by their enslavers -
●goal: preserve the Union
●border slave states: MD, DE, MO, KY -
●Abraham Lincoln
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●first shot of the Civil War
●AR, TN, NC, VA seceded -
●legal basis for Emancipation Proclamation
●any enslaved people who reached Union control are free forever -
●not backed by gold/silver
●evolution of economic policy -
●enough people in Congress anti-slavery
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●Unions victory
●first battle on union soil
●gave Lincoln the confidence to announce Emancipation Proclamation -
●no slavery in Confederate
●border states: do what you need to do but preferably no slavery
●purpose of war changed to a moral standard
●persuaded Britain & France neutral
●all the freed slaves go to Lincoln to fight for them Did Not Achieve:
●outlaw slavery
●black people becoming citizens Did Achieve:
●immediate emancipation
●no compensation
●AN EXECUTIVE ORDER -
●Lincoln's ten percent plan: north popular vote, if more than 10% want to return to the union, everything will be fine
-Assassinated
●Radical Republican’s Wade-Davis Bill
-the vote has to be 50% more in order to 一笔勾销叛国罪
-vetoed by Lincoln
●Andrew Johnson’s Plan
-Democratic Party
-Allowed states to re-enter the union if they ratified the 13th amendment (abolish slavery)
●Failures:
-Presidents too nice
-Black Code: ①no intermarriage ②no guns
-Ku Klux Klan: lynching -
●completely outlawed slavery
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●Freedman‘s Bureau: Provided food/shelter for the black
-Andrew Johnson vetoed - 你管不着
-Congress override -我不管，我就是要给黑人钱
●Reconstruction Act: divided confederate states into 5 military district
-Andrew Johnson vetoed
-Congress override
●14th Amendment: citizenship & equal protection
●15th Amendment: right to vote -
●citizenship to all born in US
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●Compromise of 1877:
-Rutherford Hayes (republican)
-president? withdraw troops from the South -
●Henry Grady's Old South & New South
-Old: plantation and slavery
-New: mixed economy + mixed relationship
●SHARECROPPING
●Jim Crow Law: segregation: "separate but equal" -
●Carnegie Steel Company
●Pinkerton
●National guard put down the strike