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Stores such as Macy's begun to form, selling a variety of goods, including but not limited to, clothes, food, and housewares.
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Act passed by Lincoln that granted 160 acres of land in the west to people willing to live and develop the land for 5 years. Promoted western migration
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Wanted to unite all American workers, skilled and unskilled, regardless of field, race, or gender. Had over 640,000 members at peak and advocated for equal rights and the 8-hour workday. Was successful in getting 8-hour workday for federal workers, lost support shortly after following a failed strike.
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War between native Americans and American government, resulted in Sioux people getting totally killed by U.S. force led by Captain William Fetterman.
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Vanderbilt uses horizontal integration to purchase local railroads and combine them into the New York Central line. This ran from NYC to Chicago
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Alger wrote a novel that portrayed a rags to riches story, gave hope to American people
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Founded to protect the rights of farmers, spread throughout most of the U.S.. Wanted to improve the lives of farmers through political and economic reform. Formed cooperatives for communal buying. Worked to pass laws to protect farmers but had little success.
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Thomas Edison invents a machine for counting votes that allowed for quicker, more accurate elections
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Second National Labor Union, started a secret society. Open to all workers and advocated for abolition of child labor and monopiles. Peaked at 730,000 members but lost support after Haymarket Bombing
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Between Rutgers and Princton
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The first transcontentail railroad was built in two parts, starting in the east and west and merging together at Promontory Point Utah. Connected America making trade and transportation easier and faster.
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Federal Government gave more than 170 million acres to over 80 railroad companies, leading to corruption in government and failure of farms in the Midwest and west. Prompted poor construction leading to issues down the road- 1850's to 1871
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Ended recognition of Native tribes as independent nations and nullified previous treaties. Led to many conflicts with natives such as the second Sioux war.
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Carnagie begins to manufacture steel, leads him to growing his empire. Practices horizontal integration.
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Pressure from conservationists led to the national government to set aside land to be perserved
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Fininachal panic caused by overspeculation of railroads, caused railroads to fail and banks to close, lead to high unemployment and higher involvement in social causes
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Term used by Mark Twain to refer to the new wealth of the era that masked the growing issues.
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Refers to when the U.S. government stopped the coining of silver as currency.
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Allowed for homesteaders to fence in their land cheaply, and without requiring a lot of wood. Led to the creation of ranches.
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Similar to the grange, worked to educate farmers, more likely to make change.
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Federal act that called back all non gold or silver backed currency that had been issued during the civil war. Done to combat inflation.
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Occurred during the second Sioux war when sitting bull and crazy horse ambushed American troops, killing all of them. Unfortunately, the Sioux lost the war following this battle
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Edison founds first research lab in the U.S.. Focused on collaborative research instead of independent study. Created many things
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Occurred when during a depression when railway companies cut wages. Railroad workers in 11 states went on strike. They were joined by 500,000 other workers causing federal troops to be called in to break the strike.
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Hayes served as a one term president known for ending reconstruction, stopping the flow of alcohol in the white house, and vetoing anti-Chinese legislature.
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To settle farmers, the government passed this act that limited the amount of silver that could be coined, but allowed for it to be coined for currency.
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Published by Henry George, critized lassie-faire economics and highlighted wealth inequality. Proposed land tax. Was highly popular and sparked reform movement.
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Set up a system in which government jobs would be awarded by merit and not by the spoils system
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Rockefeller changes the name of his company to Standard Oil Trust. Rockefeller controlled 90 of the nation's oil through horizontal integration. Board of directors, headed by Rockefeller controlled all stages of oil production, leading to massive profits.
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Following Reconstruction Booker T. Washington founded the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama to teach recently freed African Americans trades, to help them adjust to free life. Washington was criticized for his acceptance of discrimination and slow approach to racial harmony.
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Narrowly won election, immediately began to use the spoils system to fill political positions with half breeds in federal government. Was assinated 200 days after taking office.
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Replaced Garfield after his assanation, passed act that required government jobs be given off of merit, created the modern navy, and questioned the high protective tariffs. Distanced himself from the stalwarts.
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Over 1/3 of miners in the west were Chinese immigrants, who would work for lower pay, causing Anglo-Americans to resent them. This resentment grew causing congress to pass the Chinese Exclusion Act that prohibited immigration to the U.S. from China for ten years, effects of this act lasted until the 1960s
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U.S. government put restrictions on the immigration of Criminals, Paupers, Convicts, and mentally disabled people.
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The American Railroad Association divides the country into 4 standard time zones that becomes official for the US
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Series of supreme court cases that struck down reconstruction protections such as saying that the government could not legislate against racial discrimination practiced by private people, railroads, hotels, and businesses
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Mark Twain publishes The Adventures of Huckelberry Finn a novel talking about the greed, violence, and racism prevalent in America.
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Banned the use of importation of immigrants for temporary work, done to protect the wages and jobs of American workers.
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In Chicago, showed technological improvements, such as steel.
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Democratic, known for being honest and incorruptible, passed interstate commerce act and the Dawes act.
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A union formed from 25 craft unions, only open to skilled workers and fought for better wages and working conditions, over 1 million workers at peak. Did not achieve mass success
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Required railroad rates to be "reasonable and just" for interstate rates. Set up the Interstate Commerce Commission that could investigate and prosecute railroads for in just practices.
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80,000 Knights of Labor members protested working conditions on may day. They were joined by anarchists who threw bombs at cops causing the cops to retaliate. Resulted in death of 7 cops and 7 anarchists, caused lessened support in Knights of Labor
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Designed to break up tribal organizations and force assimilation of natives. Broke up tribal lands into 160 acer plots that natives had to live on. If they lived on the land for 25 years and assimilated they would gain citizenship
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Act passed by the federal government that was intended to limit the power, failed to make any real difference as act was vague.
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The last rush of homesteaders migrated to Oklahoma after it was opened to settlement, effetely "closing the west". Land was taken from Native Americans.
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An essay published by Carnegie that promoted philanthropy. Wanted the wealthy to use their money for good. Promoted establishing organizations that would aid the poor instead of just giving them money. Promoted social Darwinism
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The most famous settlement house, located in Chicago, tought new immigrants English along with providing social services such as early childhood education along with the arts.
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Occurred during a native American ghost dance, a ritual to bring peace and prosperity. U.S. troops slaughtered more than 200 native men women and children. Ended the Indian wars
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A meeting of the Farmers Alliance where they discussed their issues with the goverment. Called for direct election of senators, lower tariff rates, a graduated income tax, a federally regulated banking system, and the coinage of silver, led to the forming of populism
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Founded by Elizebeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, fought for equal voting and property rights for women.
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Increased the amount of silver coinage but still not enough to satisfy miners and farmers.
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Birth of the populist party as a branch of the Farmers Alliance, Proposed direct election of senators, citizens to firsthand vote on laws, 8-hour workdays, unlimited coinage of silver, graduated income tax, public ownership of railroads, loans from the fed to stabilize crop prices.
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Proposed by William McKinley, raised the tax on foreign products by 48%. Highest protective tariff of at this point.
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withdrew federal timberlands from development
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Island off the coast of NYC that was used to filter migrants for medical exams prior to their immigration.
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Occurred at Carnegies steel plant the Homestead when wages were cut 20% by Henry Frick. Workers walked out causing Frick to higher the Pinkerton guards who begin to fire at the workers. State Militia had to be called in to break the strike.
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Essay written by historian, Fredrick Jackson Turner that discussed the importance of the western frontier and how the end of migration west would be detrimental to the U.S.
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Caused by overspeculation of railroads and bankruptcies, led to high unemployment (20%) and high farm foreclosures, many became reliant on soup kitchens
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Occurred when wages were cut in a town owned by Pullman railroad car company, but rents were not lowered. Caused railway workers to strike leading to near halt in transportation. Union leaders such as Eugene V. Debs were jailed ending strike.
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Decreased the international tariff rate and created a graduated income tax (was later deemed unconstitutional.
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A march of unemployed populists that wanted the federal government to create $500 million worth of jobs. led to arrest of group leaders
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Supreme court case that ruled that the Sherman Anti-Trust Act could only apply to commerce, not manufacturing, further weaking the act.
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Landmark Supreme Court case in which the Supreme Court ruled that segregation was legal under the premise of " Separate but Equal". Allowed for the south to pass Jim Crow laws.
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Turing point for U.S. politics, first election where a candidate went from state to state campaigning, also where we first see corporations backing a political candidate. Resulted in McKinley's victory, leading to a period of republican dominance and the end of the populist party.
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Regulated the use of public lands
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Formed based off his belief that more radical change was needed in America. Disproved of capitalism and promoted government ownership
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Carnegie sells his steel company to J.P. Morgan for more than 400 million dollars. Morgan changes name to U.S. Steel Corporation. Carnegie begins to focus on philanthropy.
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The telegraph was invented in 1844 by Samual Morse, this revolutionized communication. Improvements following the civil war allowed for fast communication between different countries. By 1900 all continents were connected by the telepgraph