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- disagreement over border between british and american land in oregon
- great britain and 54 40 or fight
- compromise with 49th parallel because U.S. about to war with mexico
- vancouver for britain
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- democrats: states' rights, strict constructionists, laissez-faire economics, territorial expansion, empowering slave states, coalition
- whigs: american system politics, loose constructionists, social reforms, mixed views on enslavement, coalition
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- surprise american attack on mexican army, resulting in american victory
- mexico forced to recognized texas independence
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- american settlements in mexican province of texas
- empresarios system that required settlers to get permission to settle, practice catholicism, and learn spanish
- empresarios didn't follow rules and rebelled against mexican government
- the alamo and battle of san jacinto
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- texas defenders of the fort alamo killed in fight against Mexican army
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- polk (D): not expected to win, jacksonian democrat, expansionist, enslaver, lower tariffs, acquire california, manifest destiny
- clay (R): against texas annexation
- polk won
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- U.S. sends american forces past mexican border and claims mexican army attacked them
- lincoln exposed polk's lie
- david wilmot and the wilmot proviso
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- taylor: unionism
- taylor won election and died right after
- fillmore: president after taylor died, moderate on abolition, compromise of 1850
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- ended mexican-american war
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- gold found on sutter's mill, increasing migration, settlement, and enslavement in california
- westward expansion
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- california admitted as free state, but many still practiced enslavement
- fugitive slave act
- jury gets paid more for supporting the White individual in court, rather than the Black individual
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- the negotiated purchase of mexican territory (no enslavement)
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- pierce (D): doughface northerner who supports southern enslavement, jacksonian democrat, gadsden purchase, ostend manifesto
- scott (R): against enslavement
- pierce won
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- proposal to buy Cuba for $120 million or by force
- did not go through
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- the founding of the republican party to oppose enslavement
- consisted of former whigs, free-soilers, and northern abolitionists)
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- the decision to separate the two territories and have them decide on enslavement via popular sovereignty
- resulted in bleeding kansas when people flooded into kansas to vote on the issue and there was a lot of fighting
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- William Walker invaded nicaragua because he thought the U.S. wasn't expanding fast enough
- appointed himself as president of nicaragua
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- when supreme court case told Dred Scott that he had no right to sue for his freedom when it was violated
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- northern radicals funded John Brown's slave uprising
- sparked discussion about whether the violence was justified or ethical
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- first battle of the civil war
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- power to seize enemy property that was used to wage war against the U.S.
- power to free any enslaved people held by confederates
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- Lee marched into union territory to devastate union morale
- a lot of people died and no definite victor
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- naval battle between confederate merrimac and union ironclad monitor
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- full presidential pardons for confederates who take an oath of loyalty to union and accept emancipation
- also state government reestablished in states with 10% people who took oath
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- confederate loss
- union control of mississippi river
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- confederate plan to invade and demoralize union
- straight journey from gettysburg to capitol
- union victory, but many people killed
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- lincoln's decision to to emancipate all enslaved in confederate states
- purposefully didn't free enslaved in border states or northern states
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- poor people angry that they were forced to be drafted in a "rich person's war" because they couldn't pay the fee for not being drafted
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- union sherman marched from Atlanta to Savannah, burning everything and killing everyone
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- lee surrenders to grant
- step toward peace
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- established 5 military districts in former confederate states to enforce laws
- increased requirements for readmission
- required ratification of 14th amendment
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- enslavement abolished except for when used as punishment
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- people had to pay to not be drafted in the war
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- laws that restricted the abilities of african americans
- required african americans to have documentation of employment
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- violence that targeted african americans
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- citizenship for all people born or naturalized in the U.S.
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- all male citizens have the right to vote, regardless of race
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- also called force acts
- federal persecution of klan-type aggression
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- removed voter restrictions for former confederates
- confederate government officials and high-ranking officers still not allowed
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- guaranteed equal accommodations in public places
- poorly enforced
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- republicans can have Hayes, but democrats get to have him follow their instructions