-
The earliest form of marketing through direct exchange of goods. It laid the foundation for trade and value exchange.
-
Merchants used fairs to promote goods, introducing early branding and product display techniques.
-
Gutenberg’s invention enabled mass advertising through printed materials like flyers and newspapers.
-
Mass production created a need for product differentiation and advertising in newspapers.
-
Companies like Coca-Cola and Kellogg’s began using logos and slogans to build brand identity.
-
Neil Borden formalized the 4 Ps (Product, Price, Place, Promotion), shaping modern marketing strategy.
-
The internet transformed marketing with SEO, email campaigns, and e-commerce.
-
Platforms like Instagram and TikTok enable real-time engagement; AI powers personalized campaigns.