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slavery banned across the empire, but often turned a blind eye to when it benefited the British
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if a local ruler's direct line ended, their land/titles were passed to the east India company.
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Started by sepoys in bengal army's anger about pay and condition of service, but spread to the rest of India. other causes include: new rifles greased with pig/cow fat, and landlords/nobles deprived of their land by governor general Dalhousie.
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official explorations of eastern and central Africa for 5 years. was named consul for the east coast of Africa. sent 2,000 letters home and became a sensationalized hero.
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Ferdinand De Lesseps, international shares
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ended the 2nd opium war. compelled China to make concessions and open ports of preferential British trade. traders took tea to grow in India (Darjeeling, Assam). old summer palace in Beijing destroyed October 1860
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direct rule implemented in India after the rebellion. east India company dissolved, all property and army transferred to the crown. Govt of India act: created a secretary of state for India, and India council, and rule by a viceroy (man on the spot)
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Ferdinand de Lesseps, international shares.
During the initial public offering raising funds for the project, shares were bought by mainly French investors, and it didn’t manage to sell all its shares. Said of Egypt purchased the remaining unbought shares on behalf of the government of Egypt to ensure that the company could collect the necessary capital to get started.
50% private French citizens, 44% Govt of egypt,6% other private investors -
'on the origin of species'. social Darwinists later used these ideas to justify white supremacy- e.g. they were the fittest or most capable, had a duty to rule,(survival of the fittest)
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some land and titles returned to nobility. 'star of india' medal created. more investment in infrastructure and development. English teaching in universities in Bombay, Calcutta, etc. Combination of direct and indirect rule, EG: Kashmir, Hyderabad were self governing as they had remained loyal in the rebellion.
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exhibitions from 36 countries
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after abolition of slavery, many black former slaves were poor, taxed highly, had little voting rights, ETC. they rose up against colonial oppression, over 400 deaths. after this direct rule was established.
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Parliamentary select committee recommended withdrawing from West Africa due to high costs of maintaining administrations/trading posts. In the 1870s, attitudes began to shift, with a greater sense of national prestige/identity and strategic rivalries.
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overcame height difference between lakes Ontario and Eyrie to help transportation of goods to the coast. Damaged ecosystem, created dependence on British infrastructure projects.
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Extended the franchise and created a larger electorate. conservatives used support for empire to win votes in 1874, but were accused of dangerous 'Jingoism'
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grand opening ceremony, EG Verdi is commissioned to write an opera.
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led to the first world war's central powers (Italy in 1882)
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Increasingly large threat to Britain. Very industrialised, began to rival and even overtake Britain economically and navally
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World-wide economic slump. revived chartered company rule as it was easy and cost the government nothing.
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Methodist missionaries in Australia contributed significantly
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due to the deteriorating economic situation in Egypt: the Khedive was £100 million in debt, Isma'il Pasha was forced to sell his 44% share of the Suez Canal Company to the British government under Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli for the fee of £4 million – so the British government have the majority stake in the company.
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Held by King Leopold II of Belgium and decided that intervention in Africa was necessary, routes needed roads and railways, and created an international African Association to coordinate efforts. also wanted to discuss his personal holdings in the Congo, and how to extend control
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Set up a palm oil business in the Niger basin. In 1879, joined 30 trading posts together to form the United African Company (refused a royal charter because of French influence in the region). Signed over 450 treaties with local leaders, helped assert right to protectorate in Nigeria at the Berlin Conference.
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human zoos and stereotypes were used to justify British colonialism and presence. this exhibition was at Alexandra Palace, 124,000 visitors attended.
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Under viceroy Lytton: fears of Russian influence in Central Asia, wish to consolidate and protect the British Raj. huge losses of 10,000 British soldiers, but eventually controlled the North-West border.
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He was deposed by the ottoman sultan (pressure by France and Britain) due to falire to reform finance/resist foreign creditors and replaced by Tewfik.
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Under George Goldie. 30 trading posts joined together in central Africa, but refused a royal charter due to fears of French influence in the area. signed over 450 treaties with local leaders.
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Sudanese. Mahdi=spiritual leader who will restore religion and justice
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All government ministers had support of a British advisor. they had to follow their orders or risk being dismissed.
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first machine gun
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Additional 5.5 million voters, enfranchised rural working class.
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Gladstone unwilling to intervene, but premier of Queensland Thomas MacIlwraith occupied the south west after the Germans tried to claim it.
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Held by Otto Von Bismarck (chancellor) and attended by 14 foreign ministers, decided that the basin of Congo was kept for free trade, and that 'effective occupation' should occur-colonisation claims to countries. Africa was divided between the powers. started the scramble for Africa. Africa divided into European spheres of influence. Congo and Niger rivers to remain neural with free trade. General act signed to prevent slavery and support missionaries.
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later in 1890 Britain gained primacy over Zanzibar
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discussed if there should be special trading relationships between colonies, rather than only between Britain and the individual colonies. rejected by Britain.
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one of the many Russian railway projects, aiming to exert influence in central Asia and eastern Europe
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first Anglican African bishop, but accused of being to lax on 'heathen' practices
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French respected British in Egypt, which British respected French in Morocco. the caisse de la Dette ceased to control Egyptian finances.
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compared to 80% in 1884
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considered a dominion fleet. Britain could not meet the strength of the next 2 strongest naval powers (it could before), instead it settled for 60% margin over Germany. July 1912 Britain withdrew navy from the Mediterranean to redeploy in the North Sea. army remodelled for deployment in Europe Mainland, relied on France to protect Mediterranean interests and the route to Egypt.
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