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The trinity is one God in three persons, Father, Son, and the Holy Spirit. The art depicts three figures, all with the same facial features, symbolizing unity, divinity, and salvation. -
Cimabue's Santa Trinita Maesta is one of the most important works that represent the transition from traditional Byzantine art. This piece of art displays the authority of the Virgin as the Mother of God and protector of faith. -
Crucifix by Cimabue emphasizes Christ's humanity and suffering. We could see the gold background, symbolizing divine light. The crucifix was partially damaged in the 1966 Florence flood, making it a symbol of cultural restoration. -
The Flagellation of Christ is a rare surviving example of a small-scale devotional panel from Cimabue. This panel depicts a major episode of the Passion. This is the only work by Cimabue in a public collection in the United States. -
Madonna Enthroned with the Child and Two Angels (1280) is significant to the Italo-Byzantine period because it was where the figures started to look more realistic compared to the Byzantine style. Some of the main characteristics are the gold background, elongated figures, and hierarchical scale. -
-Classic Italo-Byzantine style
-gold backgrounds
-frontal figures
-strong outlines
-elongated figures
-hierarchical scale.
-iconic figures
-major artists: Cimabue, Duccio di Buoninsegna, Giotto di Bondone, Bonaventura Berlinghieri, Berlinghiero Berlinghieri and many more. -
The Stavelot Triptych is a Romanesque reliquary made from gold, silver, enamel, and gems. It was used for prayer, veneration, and display to pilgrims, showing religious devotion and wealth. -
-strong realism
-fine detail
-emotional, expressive figures
-symbolism in everyday objects -
The Last Judgment Tympanum was designed to inspire "fear of the Lord".Angels and demons pull souls toward heaven or hell, warning viewers about the consequences of sin. It was used as a teaching tool. -
The Bury bible is a manuscript, remarkable for its rich, luminous color; not a lot of gold is used, and the drapery is shown more realistically. Monks used the Bury bible for reading, teaching, and devotion. It shows a mix of bold medieval style and early naturalism. -
Santiago de Compostela is the final destination of the Camino de Santiago, the most famous medieval pilgrimage route in Europe. It represents the high point of Romanesque architecture; it was believed to house the tomb of Saint James the Apostle. The floor plan is in the shape of a Latin cross, with a long nave, transepts, and an apse. -
-thick, heavy stone walls
-rounded arches
-small, narrow windows
-elongated, stylized figures
-strong religious themes
-architecture and art shaped by pilgrimage culture
-pilgrimage -
The Justin Mosaic, San Vitale, shows Emperor Justinian I at the center as both a political and religious figure. He is accompanied by soldiers to his right and a priest to his left. All figures are shown in a frontal pose; there is also a lot of gold being used, which depicts divinity. -
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-emphasized spiritual expression
-iconic imagery
-mosaics
-illuminated manuscripts
-gold background
-flat no 3
-ICONS