-
Barons rebelled against King John’s taxes and abuses of power :
- Regulated feudal obligations (payments to the King)
- Forced the King to take advice (especially on taxes)
- Prohibited imprisonment without trial -
King Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church after the pope refused his petition about his divorce with Queen Catherine of Aragon
-
Martin Luther a German monk published the “Ninety-five Theses” in which he called for a reformation of the Church : criticized indulgences
- He was excommunicated (expelled from the Church) in 1521 and declared as a heretic -
King Henry VIII created the Church of England: the church of England separated from the Roman Catholic Church (= schism)
-Proclaimed himself head of the Church of England -
Acts of Union with Wales (under Henry VIII)
- Integrated Wales into Britain -
England was virtually bankrupt
England was pushed towards Protestantism
- Went further with the Protestant Reformation -
Mary I ;
- Became the first Queen of England
- Restored Catholicism in 18 months
- Was called “Bloody Mary”: Protestantism was confined to secrecy as ”heretics” were burned between 1555 and 1558
- Repealed the Protestant
legislation, restored Catholicism, persecuted Protestants -
Elizabeth I compromise between the new Church of England and the Anglican Church (Catholics and Puritans)
New legislation and The Anglican Compromise,
the via media -
Period of starvation : only 60 of the 500 colonists survived
-
Plymouth colony (Puritans, left England on the arrival of James I on the Mayflower) -
The Civil War opposed Parliament to Charles I over authority and taxation and ended with the king’s execution.
- Beheading Charles I -
Members of the parliament invited Mary and William of Orange to overthrow James II : Glorious Revolution
After that, William Mary became King and Queen of England and signed the Bill of Rights
- England became a constitutional monarchy -
Creation of the United Kingdom of the Grand Britain : England , Wales, Scotland
Parliamentary Union with Scotland, imposed by England
- Scotland lost its Parliament, its representatives sat in Westminster -
A turning point in British history, as the nation lost a huge part of its empire in the American War of Independence
- This marked the end of what is now called the “First British Empire” -
Britain had built a large empire with colonies in America and the West Indies
- the “First British Empire”, the Early British Empire -
Anglo-Irish Union - birth of the UK of Great Britain
and Ireland -
Devolution in Scotland and Wales
-
Creation of local parliaments (National Assembly for Wales , Scottish Parliament)
-
Good Friday Agreement (devolution in Northern Ireland)
= End of the “Troubles” -
The United Kingdom officially left the European Union