-
- exploitation of the proletariat -modified Leninism
- Stalin developed a cult of personality
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The North Russia intervention was part of the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War after the October Revolution. The intervention brought about the involvement of foreign troops in the Russian Civil War on the side of the White movement.
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US included USSR (despite ideological differences)
provided the USSR with economic help worth $11.3bn -
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Local communist-dominated Patriotic (or Fatherland) Front ousted pro-German gov, seized power and started a communist revolution (over 10k executions) before Red Army's arrival in Sofia.
Stalin persuaded them to pursue a more moderate and inclusive policy not to antagonise USA-UK. -
- Churchill aimed to control soviet expansion
- met in Moscow
- USSR 90% in Romania -Britain 90% in Greece -Hungary 50/50
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plan drawn up by the US Secretary of the Treasury, Henry Morgenthau Jr which envisaged a postwar Germany as an agricultural, deindustrialized country which would be divided into a northern and a southern half, with the Rhineland, the North Sea coast, and other important strategic or industrial areas coming under international control.
After initial acceptance by Roosevelt, it was quickly withdrawn as completely impractical, as such a Germany would continue to be reliant on foreign finance. -
A secret informal agreement between Churchill and Stalin in October 1944 (Moscow conference) establishing East-West percentages of control over Eastern European countries (spheres of influence).
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Western Allies
Paris liberated in Aug44.
De Gaulle (Free France) established independent gov.
Dec44 Franco-Soviet treaty: against German invasion. Objective: French-led Western Europe against UK-USA influence.
Thorez's communists popular (Resistance) but Stalin needed France's alliance. -
- 44 countries
- financial arrangements post war
- feared that economic instability would lead to war
- restore and preserve economic stability through International organisations like the world bank
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USSR
Invaded Autumn44, annexed areas.
Beneš' Gov in exile friendly with USSR as it felt betrayed by UK-FRA at Munich (1938), so it cooperated with Gottwald's communists.
1945: Coalition provisional government – key communist ministers but Beneš as president. -
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Western Allies
Invaded Jul43, armistice Sep43, gradually liberated until Apr45 with the help of partisans, especially communists.
UK-USA ACC (USSR excluded) supervised provisional coalition gov, which included Togliatti's communists (PCI).
Stalin supports PCI's cooperation to avoid tension. -
Invaded Jan44, liberated by Jan45. Annexed East; waited for failure of Warsaw Uprising(Aug44-Oct44) and systematically destroyed Polish Home Army.
Jul44 established Committee of National Liberation (Lublin Committee) - recognised as provisional government in Jan45. USA-UK hoped in democratic elections and supported London Poles but de facto did not oppose Lublin Committee to preserve Grand Alliance. -
- German and Berlin divided into 4 zones
- Germany would be demilitarised and pay reparations
- UN formally ratified
- USSR would keep Eastern Poland occupied in 1939 along the Curzon Line
- Poland would expand north/west Oder-Neisse border
- declaration of a liberated Europe - free and fair elections
- USSR to join war against Japan
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Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill
- interallied cooperation
- agreed on: Germany would be divided into four zones, UN formally ratified, USSR gain land from Poland, declaration on liberated Europe
-Roosevelt/Churchill: long term cooperation, UN, Germany's reconstruction, IMF
-Stalin: USSR security granted through spheres of influence, Germany to remain weak, economic reconstruction at Germany's expense -
•5Ds in Germany (democratised denazified, demilitarised, decentralised,deindustrialised)
•USSR received reparations (extra 10% for nothing and 15% in exchange for supply of food and raw materials for Western zones)- $20b total
•Pro-Soviet Lublin Poles recognised as official Polish government
•Council of Foreign Ministers (Big 5 coordination)
•Removal of German populations from Eastern Europe -
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Britain feared that the Wehrmacht might attack oil-rich countries
Shah sought to modernize Iran and looked to Germany for economic and technological partnerships
In 1943 at the Tehran Conference tensions surfaced, leading to interference in Iran’s elections and a continued British and Soviet occupation of Iran.
The troops withdrew after the Soviet Union was granted an oil concession in northern Iran, following diplomatic pressure from the US and the UN -
Kennan warned US gov of impossibility of peaceful coexistence
USSR aiming "for total destruction of rival power".
This view aid foundations for containment (Truman Doctrine) and Marshall Aid – beginnings of ‘dollar imperialism’ in the West.
Stalin found out = Novikov telegram.
Kennan denied direct responsibility in persuading Truman to commit the USA to the containment of communism. -
Iron curtain’ became a symbol of the East-West divide throughout the Cold War.
Churchill’s speech laid foundations for Truman doctrine and together made clear that a Western bloc was emerging.
Formalised the existing division through an official announcement.
Stalin denounced speech as warmongering.
Churchill was no longer PM and therefore was not representing the UK when giving his speech. -
Soviet intelligence learned US offer to USSR was only a demonstrative gesture but ERP not really open to USSR.
Molotov accused West of dividing Europe into two hostile camps. -
- Rigged elections
- Poland has asked the west to monitor elections but as Poland is in the USSR's sphere - declined
- Gomulka - leader of the communist party
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- introduction of containment
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- merge of British and American zones too costly for the British wanted to avoid soviet influence over industrial rhur region
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Marshall met in Moscow with the Soviet (Molotov), British and French foreign ministers to decide on Germany's future.
No decisions made.
Marshall thought the Soviet were stalling and waiting for situation to worsen – communism would spread. -
Foundations for the development of the Marshall Plan.
Led to a lasting policy of containment which will be followed until 1953 when Eisenhower becomes President.
JFK and LBJ will return to the policy.
Remembered as a quasi-declaration of war
stalin dismissed the Truman speech as propaganda, so did not allow this to influence his view.
Stalin still sent Molotov to attend the Paris conference in June-July 1947 -
headed by General Cutis LeMay
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- crisis due to Govs acceptance of Marshall plan
- in may 146 communists only one 38%
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5bn dollars
20% loans, 80% grants.
Food, fertilisers, agricultural machines.
In 4 years, 13.5bn dollars to 16 countries -
stalin - tito split
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- western backed currency reform in Trizonia
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unsuccessful – heightened tension as West unwilling to reverse decision to create Western state or new currency
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USSR closed all roads, rail and canal links between West Berlin and Western Germany.
12,000 tons every day could not be accessed -
Airlift started on 24th June 1948
2000 tons of supplies a day + "chocolate propaganda
Easter Sunday 1949 13,000 tons delivered
12 May 1949. Stalin ended it as it failed to drive Allies out of Berlin and the counter-blockade was hurting the Soviet zone. -
- only candidates from communist dominated Hungarian peoples independent front allowed to run
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based on a ‘make believe constitution’ which disguised a one-party dictatorship.
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-
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- KPD only won 5.7% of vote
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- 2 years early
- beacuse of Korean War
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- result of Marshall plan
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1500x more powerful than bomb bused in 1945
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- federal republic of Germany is admitted to NATO -Austria would be neutral -diplomacy
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- Russia needed extensive conventional forces in EE
- less confrontational with the west
- open skies proposal: Eisenhower, each side to provide details of military installations (rejected) -future of Germany: Eisenhower wanted free elections and right to own security (become part of NATO) K wanted Germany to be neutral and demilitarised -agreed to free elections beginning of dialogue even without practical outcomes
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100x more powerful than their first attempts
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Khrushchev appointed Ochab to implement de-stalinisation in Poland
-
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- fundamental shift
- abandoned Marxist Leninist view that war between the socialist and capitalist camps was inevitable -communism has become so powerful it would win without war -Soviet Union must remain unchallenged leader of socialist world -maintain satellite states -Germany can't rearm -USSR expansion nuclear capability -reduce spending on conventional forces in EE -defuse tension -peaceful coexistence
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forced Ho Chi Minh to concentrate on consolidating communist control in the North
-land reform
-thousands executed, military had to put down a revolt 6000 killed
-full scale collectivisation -
dubbed 'los barbudos'
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delivered by Khrushchev reporting on Stalin's war crimes
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in protest of wage cuts and poor working conditions
anti - communist armed uprising -
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-listed 16 demands including the appointment of Nagy as PM
-Nagy: withdraws of soviet troops, freedom of speech, multi party system
-armed revolt as demonstrations were fired on by the Hungarian secret police -
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Khrushchev met with Gomulka and threatened military action if Gomulka refused to cooperate
Gomulka could not carry out reforms which woful threaten communist rule e.g. Poland has to remain in Warsaw Pact
- force was not used
-Gomulka balanced polish security with the presence of soviet troops in Poland
-moscow would allow independence with trustworthy men -
- pressure from china
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- feared collapse of communism if there was a multi party system, dissolution of secret police
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- declared neutrality
-
- 15 divisions -4000 tanks
- new government led by Kadar installed -4000 killed -200,000 went into self exile -lack on intervention from west - status quo
-
-wrongly predicted missile gap
-favoured the USSR 100:30 in ICBMs -
agreement with Britain to station IRBMs in Britain
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USSR launched first satellite to orbit the earth
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- soviet space technology was superior to that of the USA
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rocket crashed on its take off from Cape Canaveral
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-
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- wanted soviet space programme to dominate the USA
- worried that west Germany would be equipped with NATO weapons
- increased soviet defence in Europe was draining resources -people feeling east Germany -wanted to strengthen economy and defences
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committed to reunification
served as a declaration of war on the south
use military force to overthrow Diem
create national unity in the south -
demanded withdrawal of western troops from west Berlin and Berlin to be declared a free city, rejected by the west
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-
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Batista's regime collapsed
Castro introduced a programme of agrarian reform which led to American properties being seized by the state -
provided long range intelligence gathering photos from space
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-peaceful coexistence
-American U-2 spy plane shot down over USSR (Gary Powers)
-confirmed Krushchev was exaggerating soviet capability -
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social and political reform
NLF -
-Castro nationalised oil companies
-USA imposed economic sanctions
-reduced Cuban sugar imports by 95% -
free the south from US imperialism
rejection of Diem's quasi imperialist polices -
-JFK and Khrushchev
- little achieved
-K saw JFK as easily manipulated
JFK refused to compromise over Berlin -
reaffirmed Truman doctrine
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Yuri Gagarin
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1500 anti-castro exiles to carry out a military coup
humiliated JFK -
- wire fences
- 4 recognised crossing points
-
presented report with the following recommendations
- increase helicopter force to assist counterinsurgency measures
- greater training of ARVN
- increase US combat forces (10,00)
- strategic bombing of NV
JFK refused to send ground troops -
overthrow Castro through covert operations
led by general Edward Lansdale
OPLAN 312 and OPLAN 314 -
compared to the USSR's 15
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- economic and political relationship
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Operation sunrise
house SV rural peasants
isolate people from Vietcong
4 million people, 3000 hamlets
largely a failure
led to improved recruitment to vietcong
couldn't isolate vietcong agents from hamlets -
US military manoeuvres started in the Caribbean
USSR's defence minister Malinovsky declared that if the US was to attack Cuba would stand for no longer than a week -
- provided fighter planes and 1400 ground troops -geostrategic importance -short range missiles
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- hawks vs doves
- Kennedy opted for a naval blockade
- US bases put on maximum alter
-
US ambassador condemned soviet deployment
Khrushchev called blockade an act of aggression -
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- USA to make a non invasion pledge
- USSR remove military presence from Cuba
-
attempted to redefine conditions
-
Kennedy replied to Krushchevs first letter only
-
- diem was Roman Catholic
- brother Ngo Dinh Thuc became Archbishop -Buddhists banned from flying flags -Buddhist leader - Try Quang
- nine people killed
- Quang Doc publicly burned himself alive
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connected Kremlin to White House
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- no provisions for underground Tests
- banned tests in outer space and underwater
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-
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- south Vietnamese rebel generals activated a military coup against Diem and his regime
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-NLF mission in Moscow
-China provides military supplies to china
-PAVN moved down the Ho Chi Minh trail
-rise in anti - American feeling
-ARVN lost moral -
- covert action
- designed to force Hanoi to desist from its aggressive policies -increased number of military advisors
-
-
- attack on US naval vessel -presented the president with the power to take whatever action he felt was necessary to resist any armed attacks on US forces and to prevent further aggression
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vietcong attacked army barracks and a US helicopter base
-
bombing campaign
marked the start of the Americanisation of the war
killed 165,00 -
- USSR - revisionist
- Mao wanted to strengthen his own power
- Chinese Red guard
- USSR's embassy in Beijing was besieged by.a red guard mob
-
increased hostility with china
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territorial disputes, water rights, and the presence of UN peacekeepers.
USA: Strongly supported Israel politically and supplied arms.
USSR: Supported Egypt and Syria with military equipment, advisors, and intelligence.
USSR threatened to intervene militarily after Israel’s rapid success
The Security Council, with heavy involvement from both Washington and Moscow, passed UN Resolution 242 (Nov 1967) promoting withdrawal from occupied territories and recognition of all states in the region. -
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- distinct path
- basic freedoms
- recognition of Israel
- economic enterprise
- other parties
- Club K-231
-
-
- argued that challenges to socialism within one country were a threat to the entire socialist movement
- Brezhnev and Dubcek - series of meetings
-
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- economic downturn
- corruption
- Ota Sik reforms e.g. individual enterprise - communist party would not allow those to take place
- Sik gained support of intellectuals and students
- USSR felt that changes had to take place in Czechoslovakian leadership to maintain the communist government
-
- all signatories agreed they wiped mot transfer to any recipient weapons or other nuclear devices nor assist in the manufacturing of them
- allowed the development of research for peaceful purposes france and china didn't sign until; 1992
-
- prevent protest
- socialism with a human face
- eliminated press censorship
- democratic 'infection'
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-
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- tet religious celebrations
- vietcong launched a series of attacks against US targets in cities across SV
- massive defeat for vietcong (25,000 killed)
- turning point
- cronkite - stalemate
- USA 550,000 groundtroops
-
- undermined the possibility that change could be achieved through party led reform
-
- outlined the responsibility of communist states to intervene in order to protect the good of the whole communist community
- defined what deviation from communism would lead to
-
US removed some trade controls and travel restrictions on China
-
- abandoned Hallstein Doctrine
- Ostpolitik
-
-
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Zhenbao island - eastern USSR
-
aims: sever supply chains (Ho Chi minh trail)
pressure Nv for peace settlement
reassure SV
Prince overthrown by pro US general Lon Nol
NV backed Khmer Rouge - Pol pot
SV forces with US air support: cross border raids
1970 - USA 20,000 ground troops -
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-
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West Germany signed a treaty with Poland that recognised the post - war Oder-neisse border
-
- agreement to establish a presidential visit and a Sino - American summit Moas designated successor - died
-
-
-
-
- test of Vietnamisation
- ARVN resisted (8000 casualties)
- NV - 40,000 casualties
-
150,000 tons of bombs dropped on NV
-
vietnam
-
12 principles
- nuclear weapons are no alternative to peaceful coexistence and mutal relations
- avoid situations that could develop into nuclear war
- special responsibility - won't increase international tensions -
-
30,000 ARVN troops invasion of Loas with US military support
resistance from NV forces
leaders of ARVN more interested in appeasing Thieu than winning battles
Thieu - 3000 casualties - stop advance
SV forces got halfway than retreated
move US towards 'peace with honour' -
- anti ballistic missile treaty:
- limited ABMs to two fields, no more than 100 missiles Interim agreement
- freeze on strategic missiles foundation of detente
- anti ballistic missile treaty:
-
normalise relations between the two Germanies
potential economic relations
territorial inviolability -
-
Nixonn caught planting bugs in democrats hotels - forced to resign - replaced by Ford
-
gave congress the power to declare war
-
- ceasefire
- each sides forces would keep to areas they controlled
- within 60 days USA would withdraw
- free elections - eventual reunification
- 'peace with honour'
- halt bombung in cambodia HOWEVER dec 1972 Nixon ordered bombing of Hanoi and USA sent $1bn in arms to SV
-
US congress rejected to SV
-
- agreement on framework for 10 year plan
- soviets agreed to equal levels of ICBM launchers and SLBM launchers
- HOWEVER USA argued that limit on air to surface missiles applied only to ballistic missiles while the Soviet Union argued it included cruise missiles
-
-
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Vietnamese communists achieved aim of a united, socialist Vietnam
-
- 35 states
- Basket 1 Security in Europe: consisted of 10 principles (respect for sovereignty and equality among states, rejection of force, peaceful settlements)
- Basket 2 Cooperation in economics and technology
- Basket 3 cooperation in Humanitarian and other fields (cultural and educational exchange)
-
-
- disagreed with Vladivostok agreement
- list of new proposals
- e.g.further reducing the level of strategic systems from 2400 to 1800
- reduce ICBMs to 150 Brezhnev regarded Vladivostok as binding - Carter acting unilaterally
-
1.5 million fled
-
Deng conceded chinas demand that the USA should cease to aid Taiwan militarily
assured USA solved peacefully
formal diplomatic relations take effect in 1979 -
USSR military aid
pro Vietnam heng Samrin installed -
- USSR refused to end the deployment of SS-20 missiles
- increase by 3%
-
- both wanted SALT II to proceed
- agreement signed at Vienna
- direct communication