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The Terror
A period of extreme violence led by Robespierre; many were executed. -
Beginning of the Estates General
King Louis XVI called a meeting of the three estates to solve France’s financial crisis. -
Storming of the Bastille
Revolutionaries attacked the Bastille prison, starting the French Revolution. -
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
Defined individual and collective rights in France. -
Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Citizen
Written by Olympe de Gouges, demanding equal rights for women. -
Execution of Louis XVI
King Louis XVI was executed by guillotine. -
Coup d’État of Thermidor
Robespierre was arrested and executed, ending the Reign of Terror. -
The Directory
A weak five-man government before Napoleon took control. -
Coup d’État of Brumaire
Napoleon overthrew the government and took power. -
Battle of Austerlitz
Napoleon’s greatest victory against Russia and Austria. -
Exile in Elba
Napoleon was exiled to Elba but escaped to rule France again. -
Congress of Vienna
European leaders met to reorganize Europe after Napoleon’s defeat. They wanted to keep peace and stop revolutions. -
The Consulate
Napoleon ruled as First Consul before becoming Emperor. -
Louis XVIII, King of France
He became king after Napoleon and ruled France with a constitutional monarchy. -
Battle of Waterloo
Napoleon was exiled to Elba but escaped to rule France again. -
The Empire
Napoleon ruled as Emperor of France. -
Exile in St. Helena
Napoleon was exiled to Elba but escaped to rule France again. -
Death of Napoleon
Napoleon died in exile on St. Helena. -
Charles X, King of France
He wanted to bring back absolute monarchy, but people didn’t agree with him. -
Independence of Greece
Greece became free from the Ottoman Empire after a long war. -
Louis Philippe, King of France
He became king after a revolution. He was called the "Citizen King" but later became unpopular. -
Independence of Belgium
Belgium became independent from the Netherlands after a revolution. -
The Zollverein
This was a trade union between German states. It helped German unity. -
France's Second Empire: Napoleon III
Louis Napoleon became Emperor of France. He modernized the country and lost power after a war. -
Battles of Magenta and Solferino
France and Sardinia fought Austria to help unify Italy. They won the battles. -
Garibaldi conquered the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Garibaldi, an Italian hero, helped unite southern Italy with the north. -
Victor Emmanuel II became King of Italy
Prussia defeated Austria. This helped unite the northern German states. -
Danish-Prussian War
Prussia and Austria fought Denmark and took two regions from it. -
Austrian-Prussian War
Prussia defeated Austria. This helped unite the northern German states. -
Franco-Prussian War
Prussia beat France. Napoleon III lost his throne, and France became a republic. -
France's Second Republic ends
After losing the war, the Second Empire fell and a new republic began. -
Wilhelm I becomes Kaiser of the German Empire
Germany was united, and Wilhelm I was crowned emperor in Versailles.