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Tissue sample taken from Henrietta Lacks without her consent after she came in to John Hopkins Hospital.
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George Gey goes on WAAM tv to discuss why he believes cancer can be conquered and showed a vial of HeLa cells.
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Gey sends HeLa cells to anyone who wanted to experiment.
- scientists exposed HeLa cells to "toxins, radiation, infections...drugs"
- studied immune suppression and cancer growth via injections -
Gey's assistant took more samples but they just died in culture as her body was so contaminated with toxins.
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Henrietta Lacks dies at 12:15 am.
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Gey and his assistant preform an autopsy on the body of Henrietta Lacks and more samples were taken.
- day estimated -
Jonas Salk develops the first ever polio vaccine (with help from HeLa cells).
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The National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis began to organize "the largest field trail ever" to test the polio vaccine.
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Gey and a NFIP worker infected HeLa cells with polio.
- HeLa was found to be more susceptible
- Perfect to use for neutralization tests -
Tuskegee Institute developed the first cell production factory that first started with a single vial of HeLa.
- month estimated -
Gey successfully shipped live cells in the mail for the first time.
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Scientists all over began buying HeLa cells and using them to see how cells reacted to different viruses and to hopefully understand them better. Helped create the field of virology.
- date estimated -
Scientists clone the HeLa cells, the first human cells to ever be cloned.
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An accidental mishap led to the discovery that cells have 46 chromosomes.
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- HeLa exposed to large amounts of radiation to see how nuclear weapons destroyed cells
- HeLa placed in centrifuges to see how cells work under pressure
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- HeLa used to test if products caused damage
- HeLa used to test steroids, chemotherapy, hormones, vitamins, vaginitis
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Gey takes HeLa cells to the East to study hemorrhagic fever.
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- Group of researchers developed a method for freezing cells without harming them (HeLa help).
- allows better shipment of cells
- scientists could now "pause" cells are different parts in experiments - spontaneous transformation
- date estimated
- Group of researchers developed a method for freezing cells without harming them (HeLa help).
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Southam loaded a syringe with HeLa and injected them into patients with cancer to see if HeLa would grow.
- it did -
Southam wanted to do the same experiment on those without cancer.
- worked
- with each injection, their immunity to it increased -
Southam's experiments led to the the making of the term "informed consent" present in the law.
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HeLa cells are launched into space to test what low gravity would do you human cells.
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Harris and Watkins create the first ever cross-speices by fusing mouse and HeLa cells.
- helped create the first map of the human genome
- study what genes do and how they work -
Harris fused HeLa with chicken cells and discovered how genes regulate cells.
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"Hybrids proved it was possible for DNA from two unrelated individuals...to survive together inside cells without one rejecting the other..."
- explained the mechanism for rejecting organs -
Gartler proposes that HeLa cells have contaminated other cell lines.
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Giannella uses HeLa cells to test the different Salmonella strains and their infectiousness.
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McKusick and Hsu mapped 43 genetic markers found in the Lack's DNA that was used to help create a map of Henrietta's DNA.
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Axel infected HeLa cells with HIV and discovered what was necessary for an HIV infection.
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A German scientist used HeLa cells to see if HPV-18 really caused cervical cancer.
- discovered how HPV inserts itself into the DNA -
HeLa cells lead to the discovery of the T4/CD4 gene and receptors that are necessary for HIV to enter the cell.
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A group of scientists discovered how the cancer cells kept dividing.
- telomerase kept rebuilding the telomerse causing the cells to keep living