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Da Vinci's Last supper is highly symbolic with distinct details and emotions through the apostles who are seated with Jesus. Da vinci balances this scene by utilizing an equilateral triangle formed by Christ's body to create a balanced composition. This techniques are define the Hgh Renaissance period.https://smarthistory.org/leonardo-last-supper/ -
The High Renaissance was a short but extraordinarily influential period in European art. Centered primarily in Italy specifically Florence, Rome, and Venice. This period displays exceptional mastery of technique, composition, harmony, humanist philosophy, and beauty. Artists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo Buonarroti, Raphael, and Titan made a mark in this period with their art and later influenced artists in other periods.
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The Italian Baroque period was a dynamic artistic era marked by drama, emotion, and sensory richness. Emerging in Rome, it spread across Europe and strongly influenced painting, sculpture, architecture, and music. It followed the Renaissance and Mannerist periods and became closely associated with the Catholic Church’s Counter-Reformation, which used art to inspire awe and devotion. Artist such as Caravaggio, Artemisia Gentileschi, and Berini made an impact in this period.
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The Spanish Baroque period was a powerful artistic era marked by emotional intensity, dramatic realism, and deep religious expression. While influenced by the broader European Baroque, it developed a distinctly Spanish character shaped by Catholic spirituality, the Counter-Reformation, and Spain’s political and social climate. Artists such as Diego Velazquez, Peter Paul Rubens, and Francisco de Zurbaran made an impact in this period.
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The Dutch Baroque period (often referred to as the Dutch Golden Age) represents one of the most extraordinary eras of artistic innovation in Europe. Unlike the Baroque in Italy or Spain, Dutch Baroque art was secular, middle-class, and realist, shaped by the unique political, religious, and economic conditions of the newly formed Dutch Republic. Artists such as Johannes Vermeer and Frans Hals made an impact in this period.
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Bernini's David utilizes diagonal lines to create movement, energy, and drama. Which creates a realistic view towards the viewer as well as a shared space unlike similar sculptures made by Donatello and Michelangelo. These characteristics that we see in Bernini's work reflect the Italian Baroque era. https://smarthistory.org/bernini-david-2/ -
Remnrandt van Rijn's The Night Watch captures a unique composition that creates movement through his figures that display distinct actions. The great deal of energy that comes from these figure mimics an historical event. He also utilizes light and symbolism to convey a message and capture the eye of the viewer. https://smarthistory.org/rembrandt-the-night-watch/ -
Diego Velazquez Las Meninas, is a masterful complex portrait of the royal household of Spain. He utilizes spatial depth, subtle lighting, and self-referential composition to create a captured moment in time that is also an optical illusion as the edges in the painting suggest a glass surface. These techniques shape the Spanish Baroque era.https://smarthistory.org/diego-velazquez-las-meninas/