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The High Renaissance was a short but extraordinarily influential period in European art. Centered primarily in Italy specifically Florence, Rome, and Venice. This period displays exceptional mastery of technique, composition, harmony, humanist philosophy, and beauty. Artists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo Buonarroti, Raphael, and Titan made a mark in this period with their art and later influenced artists in other periods.
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The Italian Baroque period was a dynamic artistic era marked by drama, emotion, and sensory richness. Emerging in Rome, it spread across Europe and strongly influenced painting, sculpture, architecture, and music. It followed the Renaissance and Mannerist periods and became closely associated with the Catholic Church’s Counter-Reformation, which used art to inspire awe and devotion. Artist such as Caravaggio, Artemisia Gentileschi, and Berini made an impact in this period.
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The Spanish Baroque period was a powerful artistic era marked by emotional intensity, dramatic realism, and deep religious expression. While influenced by the broader European Baroque, it developed a distinctly Spanish character shaped by Catholic spirituality, the Counter-Reformation, and Spain’s political and social climate. Artists such as Diego Velazquez, Peter Paul Rubens, and Francisco de Zurbaran made an impact in this period.
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The Dutch Baroque period (often referred to as the Dutch Golden Age) represents one of the most extraordinary eras of artistic innovation in Europe. Unlike the Baroque in Italy or Spain, Dutch Baroque art was secular, middle-class, and realist, shaped by the unique political, religious, and economic conditions of the newly formed Dutch Republic. Artists such as Johannes Vermeer and Frans Hals made an impact in this period.