-
Corn :)
SW: buildings abode cliff dwelings; pottery, textile, basket, kokolpelli - a diety (arts developed bc they had more food), traded as far as mexico
Mississipian: large mounds, big cities
SE: Three sister farming (squash, beans, corn) - improved diet - larger populations
NE: iroquois league by Hiawatha - defense, cooperation, longhouses (communal property); live w/environment, not controlling it, death from disease and war -
Crusades: conflict in Jerusalem, demand for trade w/ east
Marco Polo: writings inspired ppl, italian trading states
Fall of Constantinople: Mehmed II made ppl pay taxes to go through
Technology: Astrolabe, Caravel, Compass (Portugal)
Protestant Reformation, Reconquista, Renaissance
Peasants want to get better lives -
Not in the right time because I'm lazy
First Migration: (9000 years ago)
to the Americas via the Beringia land bridge when glaciers lowered ocean levels
Second Migration: (8000 years ago)
by water
includes Navajos and Apaches
Third Migration:(500 years ago)
by water
includes Eskimos -
Viking
-
Viking
-
STARTED 1350 BUT I WANNA SHORTEN THE TIMELINE
crop failures, famine, social unrest
economic depression in late 1500s
higher homelessness unemployment -
beginning 1450's
Gold slaves
sugar plantations on Atlantic islands
foundation for the american plantation system -
Makes books, maps, scientific and technological ideas widely available
-
gave motivation to go to new lands for wealth/status
not exact date? -
Portugese
-
by the date listed
-
Spanish expulsion of the Moors
inspired Spain to grow and challenge Portugal -
Spain - Caribbean
-
Pope divides the world between Spain and Portugal
Date that Spain Portugal agree to the line
line later moved to give Portugal all of Brazil
Spain gets more of the New World, Portugal gets more of Africa, etc.
image from https://static-prod.lib.princeton.edu/visual_materials/maps/websites/pacific/spice-islands/demarcation-lines.html -
15-18th centuries
New England - Africa - rum other stuff for stuff
Africa - Caribbean - slaves for sugar
Caribbean - New England - Sugar for rum
Middle Passage: taken from "slave coast" of Africa, bad conditions, transport of slaves across atlantic (about 1.5 mil people died; 1 in 10 ships had slave revolts) -
English
-
by going south of Africa
Portugese -
Spanish Conquistador
-
Spanish Conquistador
The first European to see the Pacific by crossing Panama and claimed all land for Spain
Established the first Spanish settlement for Spain in the Americas -
Spanish
Cortes landed in Mexico with 550 soldiers, 16 horses, and cannons
Malinche (female slave) served as translator
used aztec's enemies againstt Aztecs
Cortes seen as god by Aztecs because he was fair-skinned because of the Legend of Quetzalcoatl -
Spanish Conquistador
Portugese but sailed for Spain
The first person to circumnavigate the globe
got killed in the Philippines -
Moctezuma drove Cortés from Tenochtitlan
they left a lot of gold -
Spanish Conquistador
-
disease played major role
-
Italian but worked for French
-
landed with 180 soldiers, 27 horses
Incas gave them 13,000lb gold 26,000lb silver to leave -
French
-
Spanish Conquistador
searched southeast
Discovered the Mississippi River -
Spanish Conquistador
traveled from Grand Canyon to Kansas -
Destruction of the Indies
protested impact of Spanish policies and how they treated native people -
-
and lobbied for approval charter for Virginia Company
-
in North Carolina
-
Sir Walter Raleigh finds Roanoke gone with "Croatoan" cryptically etched into a tree
-
By listed date
inflation
caused by the increase in the amount and supplies of gold from the New World led to the development of capitalism and commercial banking
wages do not keep up -
New England:
Lifespan longer, families bigger, stable strong structures, all worked farm
women married young, up to 10 pregnancies, animals, clothes, food, no political/economic/property rights
men controlled property/family wealth/farms/businesses, could vote, participate in gov
Town: desiger pop., geo not suited for large-scale farming - growth of towns; commons in center; more education for Bible
Town meetings: met voted on issues; developing democracy; inspo from Congregatinalist church -
winter 1609-1610
440 of 500 settlers died
company kept sending more settlers -
along James River in VA
half of settlers dies in the first winter -
French
Samuel de Chaplain -
to escape persecution in England
also because King James I tried to force all English to follow official religion -
after a few iterations, soil becomes unusable
gave Britain a cash crop (crop for money) to keep settlement going
Important for Jamestown -
Indian homes and fields burned
Ended with marriage of Pocahontas to John Rolfe
English win because Powhatans not united disease destroyed communities -
Early on slaves too expensive to be brought in large numbers
Children of slaves are not slaves yet (legislation comes later) -
in Virginia colony
first elected assembly in america
elected by (typically white men) landowners
allowed colonists to make thier own laws
sometimes seen as rebellious
King James I did not trust it -
on the Mayflower
left because they thought the Dutch in Holland would infect their church -
set up Plymouth colony in Cape Cod (hook shape on MA)
did not have legal rights to set up colony there
did not arrive in the right location, they were trying to go to Virginia colony
Helped by Wampanoag native american to live and survive and fertilize crops in new world
celebrated first harvest w/ Thanksgiving Mayflower Compact:
first form of rudimentary constitution; pledged loyalty to the king and follow lars; agreed to folow will of majority; self-government -
-
by the Dutch
Capital: New Amsterdam
Governor: Peter Stuyvesant
Early access to ocean interior via Hudson River
dutch would trade w/ anyone
wanted to make money, not build "City Upon a Hill" -
House of Burgesses stays
-
so they got royal charted for Massachusetts Bay Colony:
right to set up headquarters, make laws, elect officers - settler want to govern themselves -
15,000 puritans to New England
ended 1642 because Oliver Cromwell (Puritan) led parliament after english civil war, less prosecution -
King James I splits part of VA gives it to Lord Baltimore
Founded as haven for Catholics
Offered huge tracts of land for settlers who paid their own passage (Headright system?)
indentured servants created resentment with poorer farmers
relied on tobacco and indentured servants -
dissenter
argued for separation of church state
state should not legislate religious behavior (i.e. blue laws)
Massachusetts Bay Charterillegal beacuse settlers took land from Indians -
by Reverend Thomas Hooker
Boston Puritans seeking farmland -
English Narragansett fought against the Pequot
treaty outlawed, Pequot language name, took lands, sold them as aslaves
English annihilate Pequots -
challenged puritan teachings
heresy: going against religion the church
Antinomialism - since life is predestined, people are under no obligation to follow edicts of either church or government
founded Portsmouth in RI
eventually moved to NY and killed -
wanted stricter church-state connection than Massachusetts
-
first written constitution
created by Hartford settlement
set up self government, legislative assembly created by public vote
governor chsoen by the legislature
voting limited to property owners -
-
governor: John Winthrop (founded Boston)
settlers were wealthy educated; communities built around church
no religious toleration (Puritans only)
wanted to make a "City Upon a hill" to be an example for the world
had Congregational Church and Town government
NOT democracy
clergy selected by people and had to remain "popular" to keep position
Blue Laws - gov. passes laws to enforce moral codes small towns family farms; relied on commerce agriculture -
Between the king and the parliament
left colonies to fend for themselves -
Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, New haven, conneticut
to provie safety government during English Civil Wars
useful during King Philip's War -
Indians try to force white people from land but lose
defeated indians were banished from their lands
English win because Powhatans not united disease destroyed communities -
Founded by Roger Williams
religious toleration
attracted independent thinkers
had first Baptist Church in America -
Oliver Cromwell (Puritan) put in charge of Parliament
-
by 1650
-
first legislative act of toleration
freedom of religion in MA for all Christians
passed because Protestants begin to outnumber Catholics -
forced plantation owners to save on labor costs
uprisings like Bacon's Rebellions deterred ppl from using indentured servants - transition to more slavery -
-
of Britain
-
-
forced New Haven under Hartford control
-
New England
allowed people to join church w/o conversion
allowed non-elect into church
reduced power of religious zealots
contributed to Salem Witch Trials -
New Netherlands vulnerable bc surrounded by British colonies Duke of York sent fleet to make Dutch surrender
Dutch surrudnder w/o a fight because they had no ammunition -
to his supporters
carolinas got wealth from trade w/ sugar plantations and slaces
major export was rice -
by 1670
controlled stores, loaned money, rented land to lower classes -
Metacom created indian alliance against English
attacked 52 Purian towns
Metacom defeated
indian survivors proceed to move to reservations
ended indian threat to new england -
By late 1600s, many former indentured servants now free
Nathaniel Bacon led group of rebels against Governor Berkeley of Virginia
wanted indians expelled from land, Berkeley didn't becuase of trade, which harmed ppl because they attacked towns
Bacon defeats Berkeley's army
Bacon's supporters executed after he died of dysentery
effects:
showed war between classes (poor vs. wealthy planters)
ppl afraid of rebellion, sped up transition from indentured servants to slaces -
Pueblos revolt against attacks on their religion
kill priests destroy Catholic missions
Spain lost control of New Mexico for about 50 years -
Quaker
granted as repayment for debts
PA create as haven for persecuted people and to experiment w/ a more liberal government
advertised broadly for settler
paid indians for land for Philadelphia - good relations
religious tolerance - non-quakers also go to PA
quakers refused to fight -
not united disease destroyed communities
-
NY, NJ, New England colonies to royal colony
created by King James II
Angered colonists because London imposed Dominion on them
to faciliate defense and enforcement of law (e.g. Navigation Laws)
Governor: Sir Edmund Andres)
Bans all colonial assemblies, limits town hall meetings, courts, press, and schools
andros lost all support when he tried to stop smuggling
ended w/ Glorious Revolution -
see the Dominion of New England created event for notes
-
-
British fail to capture Quebec and American Indians french burned British settlements
-
no longer just puritans
new England colonies -
Halfway Covenant increased number influence of women in church - accusations of witchcraft
frequently property owning women/older single women
most accusers were from subsistence farmers -
Privy Council: responsible for governing colonies
Board of Trade: had decision making power about America
only concerned w/ economic issues favored using military to collect taxes
army needed in america because too many threats large territory
military in america were protected jobs in London -
-
-
1700s - not exact date
developed wealth estates
gained economic political control
smaller yeoman farmers were largest group (modest income; not peasants but not elites)
planters reduced taxes, encourage slave ownership to reduce uprsigins against planter class
few cities limited professionals -
Between England France native allies
-
Between England France native allies Ended with Treaty of Utrecht:
Britain gains Nova Scotia, Hudson Bay, and Newfoundland
Britain gets trading rights with Spanish America
weakened French influence in Northern America -
part of middle colonies
-
into north and south carolina
north: discontented Viriginians (independent rebellious)
south: aristocratic, wealthy, plantation driven -
End of Queen Anne's War/War of Spanish Succession (Imperial Wars)
Britain gains Nova Scotia, Hudson Bay, and Newfoundland
Britain gets trading rights with Spanish America
weakened French influence in Northern America -
by 1720s (not exact date)
-
-
need of individual experiences lessened value of church organization
1st spontaneous mass movement of Americans
some leave Congregationalist for Baptist church bc oppose old lights
increased democratic spirit -
1730s-1740s (not exact date)
Congregationalist: MA, CT, NH
Anglican: NY, MD, VA, NC, SC, GA
ministers addressed sinful lives politics in sermons
religious revivalism
Pietism - German religious movement that emphasized pious (very religious) behavior vivid words speeches led by George Whitefield
New Lights: supported Awakening
Old Lights: supported traditional
(see more on other event) -
"Sugar Lobby" of British west indian members of Parliament had Molasses Act passed to restrict trade between American colonies French West Indies
tax designated to make British molasses cheaper than french
would hurt american economy standard of living
led to smuggling, briberym breaking the law
salutary neglect: Britain did not enforce the law
Only enforced after French Indian War to pay debt -
John Peter Zenger arrested for libel (written criticizing other ppl)
Jury ruled in favor of Zenger (even though judge told them not to)
established precedent of free press (truth against libel; allowed Americans to criticize government) -
by James Oglethorpe
created as a place to send criminals, runks, idle poor from england
barrier to protect SC from Spanish Florida
allows all religions except Catholics
mismanagement -- prohibit alchohol, no ownership of land, no slaces, no self government
did not prosper because constant threat of spanish attack -
South Carolina
largest slave revolt in history
Catholic governor of Spanish Florida offered freedom to slaves
many fled joined Spain when it fought england in 1739
Effect: slaves treated harder strengthened slave codes -
Spanish guy cuts of Jenkin's year he pickles it and brings it to Britain and everyone is mad
Becomes King George's War -
In King George's War during Imperial Wars
-
Began as War of Jenkins' Ear
James Oglethorpe led a colonial army that repulsed Spanish attacks. New Englanders captured Louisburg in Canada, a major French fortress on Cape Breton Island that controlled access to the St. Lawrence River.
Ended with Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
English Exchange Louisburg for Madras in India (colonists mad because they needed it for protection) -
English exchange Louisburg of Madras in India
Americans angry because they needed Louisburg for protection -
-
Angered Iroquois; Americans ask British for forts to protect claims
-
prohibited New England colonies from issuing paper money
Americans were running out of bullion for money
Americans thought it protected British merchants at the cost of American colonies -
French refuse defeat Washington at Fort Necessity
-
Americans went to Albany to meet w/Iroquois keep them allies
7 out of 13 colonies attended
wanted to unite colonies against the French
Benjamin Franklin developed the Albany Plan for Union:
Grand council chosen by colonial legislatures; meet once a year; raise army levy taxes, manage public laws, maek laws for general good, protect relations w/indians
-Rejected: colonies wanted more independence not lose power, king feared colonies become too strong independent -
war between France and England for control of the world
French army focused on Europe - allowed British victory in N. America
Colonies not united so harder to defend
Effects:
Americans gain experience
British Empire stretched India - Mississippi
American officers soldiers insulted treated w/ condescension; not given credit for helping w/ fight
British frustrated bc americans continue trade w. France Spain, Americans reluctant to provide for British soliders, no inter-colonial cooperation -
French and Indian War
British general Braddock sends 1,850 soldiers to attack fort
indians used guerilla warfare tactics (british unprepared die in large numbers)
Native Americans raid frontier from PA to NC -
through 1756
-
War between France and England for control of the World
American, Europe, West Indies, Philippines, Africa, Indies
French army focused on Europe - allowed British victory in N. America
Colonies not united so harder to defend -
French and Indian War
British take Louisbourg Fort Frontenac, Fort Duquesne -
French and Indian War
British general James Wolfe attacked via st. Lawrence River
British forces defeat French
British Navy stoppped French reinforcements from arriving in Canada -
French and Indian War
The British attacked via the Hudson River Lake Champlain
fall of Montreal signaled end of French presence in North America -
Ended the French and Indian War
France gave England all of Canada lands east of Mississippi - Appalachian mountains; keep Louisiana via secret treaty w/ Spain (gave to spain then take back)
french kept sugar isalnds (Martinigle and Guadaloupe) in West Indies for Canada
Spain gave Florida to Britain in exhcnage for Cuba -
Canada, American Colonies, Ohio Mississippi River Valleys, Florida
200,000 natives lived in territory west of Appalacian Mountains
Neolin: Delaware prophet who encouraged Indians to resist English encroachemnt on Indian land (from Algonquin) -
Britain orders no settlemtnt in new territory west of the Appalachian mountains - barrier between indians english colonies
to keep peace w/ indians
colonies mad because they need land for wealth farming; politcal rights tied to land owenership
many americans ignored this -
British asserting dominance over colonies
prohibits colonies from using paper money -
indirect tax
reduced duty put in place in Molasses Act of 1733
plan was to reduce tax but enforce it
first tax created by Parliament to bring money directly to the crown
admiralty courts established/extended - presumption of guilt (guilty until proven innocent); no jury, royally appointed judges Americans angry - thought this favored British West Indies
many royal navy officers not convicted even if they broke law
Americans explore nature of rights w/ regard to Britain -
Response to Sugar Act
People accused of impressment (forcing people into navy) stealing
St. John was a ship to catch smugglers
Townspeople took a fort and started bombing the ship when it tried to leave -
Response to Sugar Act
A ship (Polly) had 2x more molasses than recorde
John Robinson tries to get people to seize it, others secretly remove extra molasses sink the ship -
required housing of soldiers in vacant homes/taverns provide provisions for housing in response to Sugar Act protests
Americans argued military want needed because French Indians were defeated
Whigs believed purpose was for British to take American liberty (they also thought powerful people can encroach on powers of elected assemblies) -
9 of 13 colonies (MA, CT, RI, NJ, NY, PA, DE, MD, SC) sent representatives to New York
Demand repeal of sugar and stamp acts
protested increased power of admiralty courts
significant step toward unifying colonies -
in response to Stamp Act nonimportation Agreements (in general):
colonists boycotted British goods (Britain gets les money)
allowed all citizens to participate in protest
increased public awareness anger -
-
tax paid on all pieces of paper (playing cards, legal documents, marriage licenses, etc.)
first direct tax on colonies?
later repealed to fund presence in N. America
impacted all social groups
needed stamp to prove tax was paid could be fined/jailed for refusing to pay tax
Lower than similar tax in Britain
Americans protests - Virginia Resolves, Stamp Act Congress, Nonimportation Agreements, Sons of Liberty
argued americans dont get representation in Parliament
see other event for more info -
Americans say Stamp Act = attack on rights
argued poor disproportionally affected british say that price of protection was obedience
virtual representation: every member of Parliament represents all British citizens
Grenville links legislative taxing authority - force colonists to dispute authority of Parliament Benjamin Franklin warned House of Commons taxes - rebellion (said colonists dont mind external tax) -
House of Burgesses was first to argue Parliament had no right to tax colonies under British constitution
was sent to other colonies to "peer pressure" them to respond in kind -
Proclaimed Parliament's right to make laws binding "in all cases" whatsoever for colonies (to pass taxes in the future)
Most British did not believe in ideological arguments of Americans, assumed they just didn't want to pay tax -
Made Charles Townshend the Chancellor of Exchequer (treasury guy)
made series of export taxes collectively known as Townshend Acts
estimated taxes: £40,000 -
every colony except Virginia passed resolutions thanking the King
-
Smuggling became widespread
John Dickinson wrote Letters From a Farmer in Pennsylvania: argued Britain could regulate but not tax colonies, Townshend Acts violate American Constitutional rights
Circular Letter: Samuel Adams James Otis spread ideological argumetn against Townshend Acts ensure coordinated plan (authorized by MA legislature) -
Series of export taxes:
Revenue Act - tax on imported lead, glass, paint, tea; external taxes so americans should agree
Commission of Customs Act - established American Board of Customs Commission, reorganized customs service for collective tax
Suspending Act - ordered NY governor to veto New York Assembly until NY obeyed Quartering act
Response: Smuggling, Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, Circular Letter (see another event for details) -
by Father Serra Franciscan friars
Spanish -
Britain send troops to America in response for protests (resented), stole jobs from Americans
Colonists harass British soldiers
British shoot into crowd kill 5 people (Crispus Atticus, man of mixed heritage, first killed)
Sam Adams described it as a massacre by bloodthirsty soldiers
John Adams defended soldiers during trial and they were acquitted of murder -
repeals Townshend acts but kept 3 pence tax on tea to prove Britain could taxc colonists
-
Organized by Samuel Adams (MA)
created to keep communication between colonies about British actions
increase cooperation between colonies
mobilized "common" people -
British East India Company going bankrupt, so given monopoly on American tea trade by Britain
made tea cheaper than ever, even w/ tax
Americans believed this was a plot to drive companies out of business trick Americans into paying tax
tea symbolized British tyranny Impact:
lead to Boston Tea Party
Americans stopped tea shipments in many colonies
Governor Hutchinson not intimiadated - disagree w/tax but tolerate violation of liberties for law -
colonists disguised as Indians boarded Boston ships threw tea into harbor
hardened British resolve to establish legislative dominance over colonies -
12 colonies (all but Georgia) sent 56 delegates to Philadelphia
discuss response to British activities
Radicals: Patrick Henry, Sam Adams
Declaration of Rights and Grievances: Argued colonists can only be taxed by their own assemblies (Ignored by British - pushed Americans from reconciliation to rebellion) -
extended Quebec's border to Ohio River
Quebec had no representative assembly special rights to Catholic church
intended by British to integrate French Canadians into British Empire
Americans saw it as extension of Coercive Acts limit on American liberties -
Punish Boston after Boston Tea Party
Boston Port Act: closed port until British East India Company tea paid for
Massachusetts Government Act: banned town meetings, reduced power of colonial legislature, most government positions to be appointed by king/royal governor
Administration of Justice Act: royal officials soldiers would be tried in England for crimes (many not punished)
Quartering Act expanded to private/public buildings May include Quebec Act -
12 colonies (all but Georgia) sent 56 delegates to Philadelphia
discuss response to British activities
Radicals: Patrick Henry, Sam Adams
Declaration of Rights and Grievances: Argued colonists can only be taxed by their own assemblies (Ignored by British - pushed Americans from reconciliation to rebellion) -
by 1775
mostly from natural fertility of americans
most populated colonies were VA, PA, MA (had slaves ports) -
June 1775
-
April 1775
British troops want to destroy military supplies at Concord
Lexington: On the way to Concord
70 minutemen tried to stop 700 British, 8 Americans killed
"The shot heard around the world"
Concord:
British met by larger foce that made them retreat
Colonial militia used guerilla tactics to attact British army from woods as they retreated to Boston
300 British casualties -
October 1775
-
Second Continental Congress
Sent to King asking him to stop Parliament's actions stated American loyalty to the British
August 1775: King refused declared colonists in open rebellion, therefore guilty of treason -
Massachusetts began collecting military supplies at Concord, Britain decided to destroy supply
Planned to arrest Sam Adams John Hancock
Paul Revere and William Daves warn of British movement to countryside -
After Lexington Concord
All 13 colonies present in Philadelphia (unified)
no demand for independence
demanded their rights, accept legislation but not tax
Established army (June 1775) and Navy (Oct. 1775)
George Washington named Chief of Continental Army (Southern, white, respected, wealthy) -
May 1775
American troops captured the fort its cannons and gunpowder
brought cannons to Boston -
British attacked fort
1000 Birtish killed, proved American army could stand up to British (boosted morale)
3 skirmishes – first 2 American victory, last 1 British victory -
Second Continental Congress
Sent to King asking him to stop Parliament's actions stated American loyalty to the British
August 1775: King refused declared colonists in open rebellion, therefore guilty of treason -
Americans believe French Canadians would jump to American side
French Canadians do not (things like Quebec Act benefit them and colonies are primarily anti-Catholic) -
fighting mostly in North
at first British won
when British started failing, they shifted focus to South because South had more loyalists -
by Thomas Paine
called for independence, make republic where people rule for themselves
extremely popular, distributed to soldiers, written in understandable language
Ideals of Republicanism (not republican party): power of king should be restricted
colonists were receptive: angry at King's treatment, Experience with colonial assemblies, town meetings, churches, social mobility -
Washington puts cannons from Ticonderoga on Dorchester Heights
Forced British General Howe to abandon Boston -
-
Congress decides formal statement of the reasons for independence
starts with saying tyrannical ruler - overthrow
Thomas Jefferson was primary writer: tried to state what everybody believes, phrases from British legal history like 'natural rights', explained why people rebel in general, gave long list for why America rebels, conclude by saying America did everything it could to avoid this
ignored Parliament, focused on King -
New Jersey
Washington surprised and defeated Hessians
Morale boost, soldiers inspired to re-enlist encouraged enlistment
helped save the revolution -
Washington needed victory before troops enlistment ends at 12/31
needed to restore faith of troops
leads to Battle of Trenton -
Rough chronological order: NH, SC, VA, NJ, DE, PA, MD, NC, GA, NY
Common traits: bill of rights, separation of powers (more power to legislative, less to executive), Republican Ideals (Less power to executive), limited suffrage (white landowning men) -
Patriots:
minority of ppl who supported revolution
Militia controlled country areas places British lacked authority
educated people about necessity of their cause
Most were New England/Backcountry areas
Younger generations
Presbyterians Congregationalists -
Loyalists:
aka Tories
older generation
~16% of popultation (wealthy/government/royal/businessmen) - wanted to keep system that made them rich
Believed they would be rewarded once King won war
more in South, NYC, Charleston, NJ, PA
Anglicans
80,000 leave, property confiscated why they left -
June-Oct 1777
Purpose was to isolate New England colonies from rest of colonies
Benedict Arnold stopped one part of Burgoyne's army
Burgoyne's army surrounded defeated by General Horatio gates at Saratoga (North of Albany) -
Washington forced Britain to retreat from New Jersey
Victories increased enlistment morale
helped save the revolution -
Burgoyne's army surrounded defeated by General Horatio Gates at Saratoga (North of Albany)
considered turning point for the war
convinced French to join American side -
2nd Continental Congress
informed by state constitutions
Structure: Unicameral legislature, supermajority (9/15) required for passing laws, unanimous consent to change Articles, Sovereignty of states
Powers of Federal gov: war/treaties, foreign diplomacy, borrow money
Cannot: regulate commerce, collect taxes, an independent executive/judiciary
Accomplishments: winning the war, expansion of the U.S., Land Ordinance of 1785, Northwest Ordinance of 1787 PROBLEMS ON OTHER EVENT (RATIFIED) -
Continental Army spend winter at Valley Forge
disease, starvation, exposure killed many
Washington heard of victory at Saratoga
Baron Von Steuben (Prussian) drill train American soldiers into professional army -
French inspired by victory at Saratoga
France didn't want negotiated solution to conflict that left Britain North America Military alliance
offered formal recognition of American Independence
Transform American Revolution to World War improved chances of American victory
Spain and Netherland (Holland) join on side of America -
British decide to move to South, believed more loyalists would support British
Fewer battles, slower pace
fighting better – neighbors family fought against each other
Georgia and Charleston conquered by British
Turning tide: Battle of Cowpens (Jan 1780), Kings Mountain (Oct 1780)– American victories from the South Economic impact of war:
hyperinflation from reduction in trade from paper money
continentals: form of currency (became almost worthless) -
American victory
turning tide of war -
American victory
turning tide of war -
STRUCTURE, OTHER STUFF ON ADOPTED EVENT Problems:
Financial: underfunded national government
no taxation = no money to pay debt (foreign debt to France Spain, etc., State debt bc money loaned from individual people, Federal debt: soldiers unpaid, debts to loyalists and british)
states had their own currencies
no power to regulate international trade Foreign policy: threats from Spain Britain
states conducted foreign policy they have their own agenda - problems -
Sep 28 to Oct 19
Marquis de Lafayette forced British led by Cornwallis toward Yorktown VA
Cornwallis thought he would get supplies but French Navy blockaded Yorktown by sea
Americans (Washington) and French (Rochambeu) attack Cornwallis
Cornwallis forced to surrender
effectively ended the war, but Washington had to keep army in field to ensure adequate peace -
British defeats led to collapse of Tory government rise of pro-American Whigs government
American delegates: Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, John Jay
France wanted America weak so it could be controlled
Jay secretly contacted British to arrange peace treaty
signed by Britain, France, United States -
Effects:
England recognizes US independence
US boundaries set at Mississippi River (trading access)
Americans could fish off Canada
Americans should pay debts owed to Britain
Congress agreed to recommend returning Loyalist property -
established process for expansion west of Appalacian mountains
settled boundary disputes
set aside public land for education -
(Shay's Rebellion)
refused
farmers capture local courthouse in protest -
Poor farmers burdened w/ unpayable debts (many soldiers still unpaid)
summer 1785: farmers in western MA petition for debt forgiveness/extension - denied - farmers capture local courthouse in protest
Daniel Shays: captain of Revolutionary War, led crowd of 1500 to block MA supreme court
Articles' gov. could not effectively respond (Henry Knox (secretary of state) ordered Congress dispatch militia to quell rebellion, no money/troops - passed laws that mirrored British early revolution -
Rules for statehood (i.e. representative assembly, population, etc.)
prohibited slavery in new areas left states power to enforce individually - disputes - eventually leads to civil war -
General Ben. Lincoln fields privately funded army to stop rebellion
Shays appealed revolutionary ideals to people
battle leaves rebels dead Effects of the Rebellion:
convinced many that articles were insufficient
gov. to weak to stop rebellion protect liberty
needs executive power who can quickly in emergencies -
12 states (RI opposed to gov expansion)
George Washington chosen to preside Disagreement w/ representation
Congress:
Virginal Plan: Bicameral based on British house of commons (elected) house of lords (appointed/hereditary)
New Jersey Plan: Uncameral (1 state = 1 vote)
Great Compromise/Conneticut Plan: bicameral (1 for population, 1 for 1 state = 2 votes)
Slaves:
South want them to be counted, North say no bc they dont have rights
Three-Fifths Compromise: 1 slave = 3/5 of person for rep. -
Structure: 3 independent branches (Legislative makes laws, executive enforces laws, judicial interprets laws)
Congress can collect taxes, regulate commerce, do all things "necessary and proper" to fulfill its function
FEDERALISM: balance of power between national and state gov see ratification for details -
Supported by Federalists: strong central gov. necessary for stability, checks balances prevent tyrants (Hamilton)
Opposed by Anti-federalists: decrease power of states individuals w/o explicit limits (Jefferson) Arguments led to addition of 10 changes to Constitution (Bill of Rights)
detailed what federal gov restricted from doing
States ratified, then Bill of Rights added w/ amendments -
Overthrew King Louis XVI
Debate about support in America (some say support, other say mob is bad) American Revolution inspired a series of "Atlantic Revolutions"
example of successful independence from empire -
unanimous from electrol college
federalist: 44/52 seats Congress
John Adams vice president (2nd most votes)
aware that he establish traditions - strong prestige, dignity, humility
established cabinet: give advice to the president Congress approve, but only President remove
resigned after 2 4-year terms (republican ideal of self sacrifice, American "Cincinnatus") -
Independence from France
Led by Toussaint Louverture, a former slave American Revolution inspired a series of "Atlantic Revolutions"
example of successful independence from empire -
Alexander Hamilton too many enemies putting in his financial plan to be a viable Federalist candidate John Adams: Federalist
very qualified but unpopular, rough personality
suspected to favor more monarchial type of government
Hamilton and Adams hated each other which divided the party Thomas Jefferson: Democrat-Republican
Used Whiskey Rebellion Jay's Treaty against Federalists (portrayed them as threat to common ppl) Compain become personal and nasty
Adams wins, Jefferson vice prez (71-68) -
Factions existed before: Whigs/Tories, Feralist/Anti-Federalist
Factions formed for an issue, parties are permanent organizations
hated by Washington, wanted governors to be guided by patriotism; organized opposition to government seemed unpatriotic -
refused to serve 3rd term
Warned against sectionalism and succession, political parties, "entangling alliances" w/ other countries (favored temp. alliances, not permanent ones) -
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Federalists passed laws to minimize the influence of Jeffersonians
Alien Acts: increased residency requirements 5-14 years; president given power to deport foreigners in peace or wartime
Sedition Act: Anyone who impede policies of gov or falsely defamed gov officials, including President could be fined or imprisoned; used to silence critics
Turned many ppl against Federalists Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions -
Jefferson feared more Constitutional rights being lost established one party dictatorship
Jefferson wrote Kentucky Resolution, Madison Virginia Resolution
individual could be jailed under Alien and Sedition Act, legislators had no freedom to criticize gov
explain state's right position
broken compact: bc fed law exceeded Consitutional powers, states could nullify laws
federalists argued ppl not state make compact, only supreme court could nullify law
no other states adopted similar resolutions -
Fed. John Adams
strong central gov, law order, weakened by alien and sedition act, peace w/ France, split w/ Hamilton Dem-Rep Thomas Jefferson
Agarian, states rights, liberty, accused of fathering kids w/ slaves, being antireligious Jefferson won (bc 3/5 compromise) but tied w/ Burr for popular vote
peaceful transfer of power to opposing political force unprecedented -
France barred American merchants from storing goods in New Orleans (Spain prev gave right of deposit)
westerners depended on Mississpi for trade surival Jefferson wanted to exchange expansion of farmland in the west (Later) Jefferson sent James Monroe to France to help Robert Livingston buy New Orleans for $10 mil
US not afraid of Spain but feared France power
Jefferson wanred France that they would ally w/ England (in current war) if France denied access to New Orleans -
Created 16 judgeships Federalists tried to keep control of judiciary banch appointed many judges just before Adams left office ("midnight judges") Jefferson wanted to fill positions w/ ppl from his party (Patronage) did not deliver notices of appointment after he was sworn in Democrat-Republicans to tried to impeach several judges See Madbury v. Madison
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Pursued moderate course to encourage federalist switch parties
first president to give state of union to congress
wanted to avoid industrialization urbanization
Wanted very limited central gov
Cut military and spending to eliminate debt
secretary of Treasurer Gallaton introduced modern budgeting to gov left many of Hamilton's policies intact Madbury vs Madison
Lousiana -
Madbury was midnight judge who did not revieve his commission sued Secretary of State James Madison to force delivery of commissionns Chief Justice Marshall:
used case to establish power of Supreme Court
Ruled section of Judiciary Act was unconstituittional
established precedent of judicial review (supreme court has authority to review acts of Congress declare unconstitutional)
states tried to claim right to determine consitutionality in Kentucky Resolution (1798) -
American Revolution inspired a series of "Atlantic Revolutions"
example of successful independence from empire