-
Period: to
Larrey- war
In the late 1700s and early 1800s, Larrey was a war surgeon and he developed the idea of keeping wounds clean- he even used maggots to do this. Although Larrey focused on the importance of clean wounds before Pasteur's germ theory, his work was still important for developments in sterile surgery later in the 1800s. -
Southwood Smith- scientific method- public health- changing attitudes/ideas
In 1824, Southwood Smith became a physician at the London Fever Hospital where he observed the diseases caused by poverty. He communicated this through several papers which he published on public health. These papers provided examples and data to support the work of Chadwick. -
Farr- scientific method- public health- changing attitudes/ideas
In 1837, Farr, a civil servant, innovated by setting up a compulsory system for registering births and deaths. This allowed the government and reformers (such as Chadwick) to observe patterns in causes of deaths -
Chadwick- changing attitudes/ideas about intervention
Using data and examples provided by the observations of Southwood Smith of diseases caused by poverty at the Fever Hospital in London, Chadwick published a report in 1842 which showed a link between poverty and disease. This encouraged the government to stop having a LAISSEZ FAIRE (non-interventionist) approach to public health. Instead the government became more interventionist. For example, the 1848 Public Health Act could force councils to provide clean water and sewers. -
Chadwick- communication
Using data and examples provided by the observation of Southwood Smith of diseases caused by poverty at the Fever Hospital in London, Chadwick published a report in 1842 which showed a link between poverty and disease. This encouraged the government to stop having a LAISSEZ FAIRE approach to public health. Instead the government became more interventionist. For example, the 1848 Public Health Act could force councils to provide clean water and sewers. -
Chadwick- impact of the government
Using data and examples provided by the observations of Southwood Smith of diseases caused by poverty at the Fever Hospital in London, Chadwick published a report in 1842 which showed a link between poverty and disease. This encouraged the government to stop having a LAISSEZ FAIRE (non-interventionist) approach to public health. Instead the government became more INTERVENTIONIST. For example, the 1848 Public Health Act could force councils to provide clean water and sewers. -
Chadwick- scientific method- public health- changing attitudes/ideas
Using data and examples provided by the observations of Southwood Smith of diseases caused by poverty at the Fever Hospital in London, Chadwick published a report in 1842 which showed a link between poverty (poor living conditions) and disease. This encouraged the government to stop having a LAISSEZ FAIRE approach to public health. Instead the government became more interventionist. -
Liston- scientific method- anaesthetics- changing attitudes/ideas
In 1846, Liston experimented with ether as an anaesthetic and he successfully amputated a patient's leg -
Liston- surgery/anatomy
In 1846, Liston experimented with ether as an anaesthetic and he successfully amputated a patient’s leg. -
Simpson- scientific method- anaesthetic- changing attitudes/ideas
In 1847, Simpson experimented on himself and friends using chloroform as an anaesthetic to reduce pain during childbirth. This became much more popular because Queen Victoria used chloroform during two of her births in 1853 and 1857 -
Simpson- impact of the government
In 1847, Simpson experimented on himself and friends using chloroform as an anaesthetic to reduce pain during childbirth. This became much more popular because Queen Victoria used chloroform during two of her childbirths in 1853 1857. -
Simpson- surgery/anatomy
In 1847, Simpson experiment on himself and friends using chloroform as an anaesthetic to reduce pain during childbirth. This became much more popular because Queen Victoria used chloroform during two childbirths in 1853 1857. -
Period: to
Nightingale- war
Nurse in Crimean War 1853–1856. Ensured the army hospitals were clean. Cut death rates on her wards from 40%-2%. After war, continued to make advances. E.g. in 1859, she published “Notes on Nursing” where she shared ideas on clean hospitals and that nurses had effective training. Helped raise £44 000, set up Britain’s first training school for nurses at St Thomas' hospital, 1860. Book ensured ideas on hospital wards were communicated and adopted by others. Cut death rates in British hospitals -
Snow- changing attitudes/ideas about intervention
In 1854, with the scientific method, he carried out observation, mapping cholera cases in London. He discovered cholera was caused by contaminated water from a pump in Broad Street, London– prior to germ theory. He removed the handle of the pump, making people in Broad Street to get their water elsewhere. The people of Broad Street stopped getting cholera. His work encouraged the government to stop being LAISSEZ FAIRE about public health. Instead the government became more interventionist. -
Snow- scientific method- public health- changing attitudes/ideas
In 1854, with scientific method, Snow observed and mapped cholera cases in London, discovering that cholera was caused by contaminated water from a pump in Broad Street, London, before germ theory. Snow removed the handle of the water pump, forcing the people of Broad Street to get their water elsewhere. The people of Broad Street stopped getting cholera. Snow’s work also encouraged the government to stop having a LAISSEZ FAIRE approach to public health. Instead they became more interventionist. -
Snow- impact of the government
With the scientific method, he observed and mapped cholera cases in London. He saw cholera was caused by contaminated water from pump in Broad Street, London– prior to germ theory. He removed the handle from pump, making those on Broad Street get their water elsewhere. People of Broad Street stopped getting ill. His work encouraged the gov to stop being LAISSEZ FAIRE about public health. Instead the gov became more interventionist- public health act 1858, £3 million on sewers- ensure clean water -
Snow- treating/preventing disease and illness
Scientific method- he observed mapped cholera cases- London. He saw cholera is caused by contaminated water of a pump on Broad Street–prior germ theory. He removed handle of the pump, making those on Broad Street to get water elsewhere and they stopped getting cholera. His work made gov stop having LAISSEZ FAIRE view on public health treating/preventing disease. Instead gov is more interventionist, e.g. from 1858 the gov spent £3 million on sewers to ensure clean water to prevent diseases. -
Snow- scientific method- public health- intervention- preventing illness
After Snow's observation and mapping of cholera cases, the government became more interventionist. For example, from 1858 the government spent £3 million on sewers in London to ensure clean water. -
Nightingale- communication
In 1859, Nightingale published a book “Notes on Nursing” in which she shared her ideas about the importance of keeping hospitals clean and on ensuring that nurses had effective training. This book helped Nightingale to raise the
£44 000 she need to set up Britain’s first training school for nurses at St Thomas' Hospital, in 1860, The book also ensured Nightingale’s ideas on clean hospital wards were well communicated and adopted by other nurses. This cut death rates in British hospitals. -
Pasteur- luck/chance
In 1860, he published his germ theory which stated that germs caused disease. By chance, he realised nineteen years later in 1879 that an injection of weakened germs of a disease could act as a vaccination against that disease. This was because one of his assistants accidently injected chickens with a weakened sample of chicken cholera and Pasteur realised that these chickens were then immune to chicken cholera. This led Pasteur to develop other vaccinations, including a vaccination for rabies. -
Pasteur- scientific method- germ theory, vaccinations and treatments- changing attitudes/ideas
His observation that uncovered wine spoilt whilst covered wine did not, led Pasteur to publish his germ theory in 1860. Pasteur stated that disease was caused by germs -
Period: to
Pasteur and Koch- communication
He published his germ theory in 1860 which stated that germs caused diseases. In the early 1880s, Pasteur also published his work on using weakened germs of a disease to act as a vaccine against that disease. This influenced Koch to develop this work, e.g. he developed a vaccine for diphtheria which led to a 50% reduction in deaths from diphtheria between 1895 and 1905. In the long term the work of Pasteur and Koch led to the development of many vaccines, including, in 2020, a vaccine for Covid. -
Period: to
Pasteur- treating/preventing disease and illness
His observation that uncovered wine spoilt, whilst covered wine did not, led Pasteur to publish his germ theory in 1860. Pasteur stated that disease was caused by germs. Nineteen years later in 1879, Pasteur observed that injecting a weakened germs of a disease would vaccinate a person against that disease. Pasteur published a report on this and he developed vaccinations for diseases, for example he developed a vaccination for rabies. -
Lister- scientific method- surgery- changing attitudes/ideas
Based on germ theory, Lister knew that surgery needed to be antiseptic to limit the opportunity for wounds to get infected. Lister experimented with sterilising his surgical instruments and wounds with carbolic acid, preventing germs from growing and spreading. This is based on experiments on cold-blooded frogs which meant he could observe effects of carbolic acid. Lister was able reduce the deaths of his patients from 46% to 15% in 3 years. -
Lister- scientific method- surgery- changing attitudes/ideas
In 1871, Lister invented a machine that that sprayed carbolic acid over the operating theatre, which increased survival rates more -
Pasteur- scientific method- germ theory, vaccination and treatments- changing attitudes/ideas
In 1879, Pasteur observed that injecting weakened germs of a disease would vaccinate a person against the disease. He proceeded to this by creating a chicken cholera vaccine in 1879. He later developed the rabies vaccination in 1885. -
Chamberland- scientific method- surgery- changing attitudes/ideas
He helped create aseptic surgery, where surgery was carried out in a completely sterile, germ-free environment. In 1881, Chamberland, a French biologist, invented a steam steriliser which heated surgical instruments at 140 C for 20 minutes in order to completely sterilise them – this made surgery much safer. -
Neuber- scientific method- surgery- changing attitudes/ideas
He helped create aseptic surgery, where surgery was carried out in a completely sterile, germ-free environment. In 1886, Neuber published a paper which discussed the importance of surgery staff thoroughly scrubbing before they enter the operating theatre. This paper quickly set the standard for other surgeons to follow. -
Booth- changing attitudes/ideas about intervention
His report of 1889, found that 35% of people living in London were living in poverty. His reports changed attitudes about GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION in PUBLIC HEALTH and contributed to the LIBERAL GOVERNMENT’S decision in 1909 to increase the taxes of the rich to pay for initiatives such as free school meals and free school medical inspections to improve the health of poor children. -
Booth- communication
His report of 1889, found that 35% of people living in London were living in poverty. His reports changed attitudes about GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION in PUBLIC HEALTH and contributed to the LIBERAL GOVERNMENT’S decision in 1909 to increase the taxes of the rich to pay for initiatives such as free school meals and free school medical inspections to improve the health of poor children. -
Booth- impact of the government
His report of 1889, found that 35% of people living in London were living in poverty. His reports changed attitudes about government intervention in public health and contributed to the Liberal government's decision in 1909 to increase the taxes of the rich to pay for initiatives such as free school meals and free school medical inspections to improve the health of poor children. -
Halsted- scientific method- surgery- changing attitudes/ideas
Halsted experimented with surgical gloves in the USA. At the time, many surgeons thought wearing gloves and gowns was odd, so this hindered progress. But other surgeons eventually began to wear this clothing which helped reduce patient deaths. -
Moyniham- scientific method- surgery- changing attitudes/ideas
Moyniham was the first British surgeon to wear surgical gloves in the 1890s and he wore a surgical gown rather than his own clothes. At the time, many other surgeons thought wearing gloves and gowns was odd, so this hindered progress. But other surgeons eventually began to wear this clothing which helped reduce patient deaths. -
Period: to
Ehrlich- scientific method- germ theory, vaccination and treatment- changing attitudes/ideas
He was originally a student of Koch. Through experimentation, Ehrlich developed treatments which attacked the germs of specific diseases. For example, he developed the drug Salvarsan 606 to treat syphilis –this was the 606th drug he had experimented with to treat syphilis. -
Period: to
Ehrlich- treating/preventing disease and illness
He was originally a student of Koch. Through experimentation, Ehrlich developed treatments which attacked the germs of specific diseases. For example, he developed the drug Salvarsan 606 to treat syphilis- this was the 606th drug he had experimented with to treat syphilis. -
Period: to
Koch- scientific method- germ theory, vaccination and treatments- changing attitudes/ideas
He developed Pasteur’s work and his experiments allowed Koch to identify which germs caused which diseases. For example, he identified the germ which caused diphtheria, allowing him to develop a vaccine. This led to a 50% reduction in deaths from diphtheria between 1895 and 1905. In the longer term the work of Pasteur and Koch led to the development of many vaccinations, including in 2020 a vaccination for Covid. -
Period: to
Koch- luck/chance
Robert Koch also developed this work, for example he developed a vaccine for diphtheria which led to a 50% reduction in deaths from diphtheria between 1895 and 1905. In the longer term the work of Pasteur and Koch led to the development of many vaccinations, including, in 2020, a vaccination for Covid. -
Period: to
Robert Koch- treating/preventing disease and illness
He developed Pasteur’s work and his experiments allowed Koch to identify which germs caused which diseases. For example, he identified the germ which caused diphtheria, allowing him to develop a vaccine. This led to a 50% reduction in deaths from diphtheria between 1895 and 1905. In the longer term the work of Pasteur and Koch led to the development of many vaccinations, including, in 2020, a vaccination for Covid.