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Created Confucianism the Doctrine of the Qing Dynasty
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In 522 BC, In 522 BC, Persian nobles met to discuss how to rule after Cambyses II died
Otanes ⇒ Persian noble who favored democracy
Darius ⇒ Persian noble who favored monarchy
Won the Persian government debate and became Shah
The people can elect the best suited person who won’t become corrupt (ex. Cyrus)
Internal fighting for influence in oligarchy
Democracy entrusts power to a stupid mob
Everything leads to monarchy
Megabyzus ⇒ Persian noble who favored oligarchy -
A golden age, split into Western and Eastern Han.
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Eastern Roman Empire became Byzantine Empire in 8th Century
Greek and Christian state
Greek replaced Latin as the official language
Eastern Orthodox Church
Emperor was “chosen by god” and had absolute power
Macedonian dynasty (867-1081)
8th Century - Byzantine empire shrunk
Expanded Empire to Bulgaria, Crete, Cyprus, and Syria
1025 - Byzantine empire at its peak since the 600s
Late 11th Century Disorder from power struggles causes decline
Conquered by the Ottoman Turks in 1453 -
Became emperor of the eastern Roman Empire in 527
Goal: Reestablish Roman power in the Mediterranean area
Achieved in 552, when his empire controlled Italy, part of Spain, North Africa, Asia Minor, Palestine, and Syria
3 years after his death, Lombards conquered much of Italy, and other areas soon followed
Codification of Roman law
Created The Body of Civil LawAccomplishments created problems for future generations
Too much far flung territory to maintain control of
Empty treasury -
Arab traders controlled sea routes from East Africa to Asia between roughly 500 and 1500.
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Islam began with Muhammad, a Caravan Manager, who was driven out of Mecca and sought Medina after his Divine encounter
Went back to Mecca with an army later and became Caliph
Angel Gabriel revealed the word of Allah (GOD) to Muhammad while meditating
These revelations form the basis of the Koran (The holy scriptures of Islam)
Muhammad was not divine, he was a human prophet just like Moses -
Muhammad’s father-in-law, established and is considered the first Caliphate
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Reunified China after centuries of division.
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Capital in Changan
Early rulers started by instituting reforms, as normal
Tried to create a more stable economy by giving peasants land and breaking up the power of owners of large estates
Restored Civil Service Exams
Tested people’s grasp of Confucians principles
Though many young men had studied all their life yet only 1 in 5 people passed
Restored power of China in Eastern Asia -
The death of Abu Bakr leads to struggle for the Islamic throne
In 656, Ali (Muhammad’s son-in-law) was chosen as successor to Abu Bakr.
Mu’awiyah (602-680 AD) (gov. of Syria and chief rival of Ali) becomes Caliph after assassinating Ali in 661
Declares the Caliphate hereditary in his own family – ESTABLISHES Umayyad Dynasty – moved the capital of Arab Empire from Medina to Damascus in Syria.Arab power extended as far east as Mesopotamia, and North into Central Asia by the end of the 8th century -
Sunni and Shia schism happens
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By 762, Abbasids conquered much of the Muslim empire and built their own capital city at Baghdad while the center of the Umayyad world remained in Syria.
By the end of the 8th Century rival caliphates were established in several locations throughout the Muslim world with each Caliph claiming authority over their region.
Seljuk Turks were mercenaries from Central Asia who nomad their way over to the Middle East and convert to Islam -
The first notable trading state in West Africa
Located in the Upper Niger River Valley, a grassland region between the Sahara and the tropical forests along the West African coast
Went from a farming civilization to trading one
The kingdom's economy was built off of Iron, Gold, agriculture, and trade.
Muslim merchants from North Africa exchanged metal goods, textiles, horses, salt with the Ghanaians.
NOTE: People need salt to live.
Eventually weakened by wars, it collapsed during the 1100s. -
Created when the Abbasid Dynasty was divided
Eventually became the center of the Islamic civilization
Also relied on the Seljuk Turks
After the destruction of Baghdad, the Fatimids moved the capital to Cairo -
Ruled during a period of economic prosperity and cultural achievement
Experienced problems from the North from the start, so they had to move their capital to Hangzhou (coast, South of Yangtze river delta)
End when Kublai Khan invaded and established the Yuan Dynasty -
1054 - The pope and patriarch excommunicated (took away each others rights of Church membership) each other
This began the schism -
Seljuk turks defeat Byzantines
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Series of military expeditions to regain control of the holy land from Muslims
The push for the Crusades came when Alexius I asked the Western European rulers for help
Warriors of western Europe, particularly France, formed the first crusading armies
Motivated by religious fervor, adventure, wealth, and title
Italian merchants sought new trading opportunities in Byzantine and Muslim lands -
By 1100 A.D. Mali replaced Ghana as the richest trading state in Northwest Africa. Wealth was built on gold and salt trade.
Founded By Sundiata Kieta (1210-1255 AD)
Defeated Ghana and captured its capital in 1240.
United people of Northwest Africa and created a well run central government.
Controlled territory stretching from the Atlantic Ocean to the Timbuktu
The George Washington of Mali
Most people who lived in Mali were farmers -
Muslim ruler who captures Jerusalem in 1187
Pressures Christian states
Religiously tolerant -
Gradually unified the Mongols
In 1206 he was elected Genghis Khan—strong ruler—at a massive meeting somewhere in the Gobi
He devoted himself to conquest
Khan set up a capital city at Karakorum
Mongol armies traveled both to the west and to the east. Some went as far as central Europe
Killed like a lot of people and greased the streets of Beijing with human fat.
Conquered an empire 2x size U.S. -
Saladin (1137-1193) - First ruler of the Ayyubid Dynasty
In 1169, he took control of Egypt and made himself sultan, replacing the Fatimid Dynasty with the Ayyubid Dynasty
Also established control over Syria and took offense against Christian states in the area
Invaded Jerusalem in 1187 and drives out Christianity
Overthrown by the Mamluks in 1250 -
By 1200, Muslim power had reached over the entire plain of northern India, creating this new Muslim state.
In the fourteenth century, this state extended its power into the Deccan Plateau. -
Founded Mali
Defeated Ghana and captured its capital in 1240.
United people of Northwest Africa and created a well run central government.
Controlled territory stretching from the Atlantic Ocean to the Timbuktu
The George Washington of Mali -
One of Genghis Khan's grandsons.
In 1279 he completed the conquest of the Song and established a new Chinese dynasty, the Yuan
Ruled China until his death in 1294
Established his capital at Khanbaliq the city of the Khan—modern day Beijing -
Fourth Mamluk ruler
He excelled on the battlefield as part of an elite mounted core
Rose from royal bodyguard to sultan controlling Palestine, Cairo and Syria
In 1260 Baybar turned backed the Mongol advance with a victory in Palestine
Baybar’s victory saved Islam from further Mongol expansion
His empire threatened eastern Mediterranean trade dominated by the Venetians
Cairo had become cultural and political capital of the Muslim world under Baybar’s rule -
An Italian explorer and merchant
Describe the Song SUMMER capital of Hangzhou. Said it was the largest and wealthiest city in the world. (Xanadu)
He glazed the freak out of that city
Later lived in Khanbaliq (the WINTER capital after it was moved to Beijing) during the reign of Kublai Khan
Khanbaliq is the Capital of the Yuan Dynasty
Modern day Beijing, moved by Kublai Khan -
Established by Kublai Khan.
Occupied most of modern day China, Mongolia, and Korea.
Mongol rulers adapted to the Chinese political system and made use of Chinese bureaucrats.
Culturally the Mongols were quite different from the Chinese and became a separate class with their own laws. The highest positions in the bureaucracy were usually staffed by Mongols.
Over time, the Mongol dynasty won the support of many Chinese people. -
Lowkey just a goat
Divided the country into provinces and restructured the government into a strong central government, with him being the king.
This man was unbelievably stacked
More than doubled the size of the kingdom
A convert to Islam who went on a pilgrimage to Mecca.
Timbuktu, located in the Northwest, became a center of Islamic learning and culture under Mansa Musa’s rule. Included the Sankore mosque where 20,000 students studied the Quran. -
From 1300 to 1450, Zimbabwe was the wealthiest and most powerful state in South Africa.
Traded gold with Swahili trading center in East Africa.
Gold from Zimbabwe was found at the imperial court of Kublai Khan, the emperor of China.
Likewise, Chinese porcelain and copper could be found in Zimbabwe. -
A traveler who visited the cities of Mogadishu, Mombasa, and Kilwa
Ibn traveled about 75,000 miles, almost visiting all Muslim countries. Bro even reached China
While he was born in Morocco, he is considered ARAB -
Took over after overthrowing Mongols
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English theologian
Argued against papal authority
Advocated for translation of the Bible into vernaculars (ordinary people would be able to read it)
Unlike Luther, he didn’t say good works were useless, but stressed that external forms of medieval religion (pilgrimages, fasts, relics) were not important for salvation. -
Turkish and Mongolian(ancestor of Genghis khan) - Islamic convert
Ruler of a Mongol state based in Samarqand, to the north of the Pamirs.
Seized power in 1369 and immediately launched a program of conquest.
Raided the capital of Delhi, and then withdrew.
As many as 100,000 Hindu prisoners were massacred before the gates of the city.
It took more than a century for the city of Delhi to recover from the destruction caused by the invasion. -
Taille
The Taille was a tax used by the french government to gain money
Wasn’t taxing nobility and clergy, but taxed lower classes
Was a thing before the 100 years was but was implemented more abundantly during and after the 100 years war due to major expenses.
The government heavily relied on the taille for paying for expenses from the 100 years war.
Wasn’t liked by regular ppl. -
A period of advancement and history beginning in Italy and spreading to the rest of Europe
Expanded awareness of history ⇒ roughly 1350-1530s (fall of Rome) -
4-year struggle → took over rightful heir
1406 - builds Imperial City in Beijing -
Replaced Mali as the dominant kingdom in Northwest Africa by 1360.
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Centralized bureaucratic gov’t (civil service exam officials)
National education system (excluding women)
Upper-class women could receive education
Women could take the land of their husbands if they died
Expanded (Mongolia, Central Asia, temporarily Vietnam)
Strengthened Great Wall of China
Construction of Beijing/Imperial City
1406
Huge compound building → forbidden to civilians (Forbidden City)
Zheng He’s voyages
Zheng He → Muslim family, “foreigner” + Court Official -
Czech heretic who criticized the Church (religious officials had no reason to justify their violence in the name of the Church)
Burned at the stake -
Led 7 voyages between 1405 and 1433
Returned with animals like the giraffe
Earned massive profits
Alarmed traditionalists in the bureaucracy (believed merchants were inferior)
Exploration was stopped shortly after Yong Le’s death
If exploration wasn’t stopped, China might have been the one to discover the Americas -
The end great schism was basically when two rival popes were elected with Pope Urban VI and Clement VII being elected created a divide within christianity over who the true pope was, creating the schism
Frenchman elected Pope → moved papacy to Avignon
Avignon Pope Gregory moved to Italy and died
College of Cardinals elected Urban VI because people forced them to and then went back to Avignon and elected their own French Pope → SCHISM
Later developments even led to 3 differing popes -
The Medici Family - Cosimo and Lorenzo
Cosimo de’Medici (1389-1464) - first de facto ruler of Florence from the Medici family
Lorenzo the Magnificent (1449-1492) - grandson of Cosimo.
Like his grandfather, he was a patron of arts and a banker
Lorenzo de’Medici (1492-1519) - grandson of Lorenzo
Duke of Urbino
Threw Machiavelli and other officers in jail
Machiavelli wrote The Prince for him in jail, on how to gain and maintain power -
Late 1300s - the Inca established their capital in Cuzco
At the top of the capital was Machu Picchu
Inca society and marriages were highly controlled.
Similar to a caste system
Worshipped the sun god Inti
In rural areas, people lived by farming, using terraced farms, watered by irrigation systems -
Last Visconti ruler died in 1447, Sforza conquered the city and became Duke
Led a band of mercenaries → worked towards strong central gov’t and efficient tax system for revenue -
She was burned at the stake by englishmen
The reason she was burned at the stake by these ppl is because she gave more hope to the french in the 100 years war with her saying that the french would win with a “Divine” right to win
Her most important influence was in the battle of orleans where she got “divine” guidance on how to win, helping the french by giving them hope -
Originated in the Valley of Mexico around the 1200s
Established their capital at Tenochtitlan (Modern-day Mexico city), where they constructed temples, houses, etc.
1325 - attacked by other people, driven into the swamps and islands of Lake Texcoco, where they saw an eagle standing on a prickly pear cactus on a rock on an island. There they built Tenochtitlán (“place of the prickly pear cactus”) -
1440s - under the leadership of the ruler Pachacuti, the Inca launched a campaign of conquest, controlling the entire region
The Inca state was built on war, so all young men were required to serve in the Inca army
Expansion → more forced to learn language
Pachacuti divided the empire into 4 quarters, each ruled by a governor and quarters were divided into provinces, each also ruled by a governor
At the top was an emperor with divine right
Used forced labor for building projects -
A series of popes, known as the Renaissance popes, were too focused on Italian politics and worldly interests rather than spiritual matters
Ex. Julius II, who led armies against enemies. This disgusted many Christians believing the pope was supposed to be spiritual, not a military leader. Pope Julius also commissioned School of Athens
Many Church officials were more concentrated on funding building projects (St. Peter’s) and commissioning art -
Mastered the art of realistic painting
The model “Renaissance man.”
He was an artist, scientist, inventor, and visionary.
In 1503, the government of Florence sought his genius on a military matter.
With the help of Niccolò Machiavelli, Leonardo da Vinci devised a plan to help Florence defeat the city of Pisa in a war. Failed, but he drew super detailed maps.
Drew Last Supper -
Sailing on behalf of the Portuguese monarchy, Vasco Da Gama established a direct sea route to Asia across the Indian Ocean in 1498
This route later allowed the Portuguese to steal Arab traders’ control of trade from East Africa to the Far East. -
Established Songhai Kingdom
Expanded the size of the Songhai kingdom by conquering Timbuktu and Djenne.
Controlled both the government and the military.
These conquests allowed the Songhai to gain control of the salt and gold trade that had previously made both Ghana and Mali prosperous. -
“Father of Christian humanity”
Former monk
His view of religion, called “the philosophy of Christ”, said that Christianity should show people how to live good lives on a daily basis
Wrote The Praise of Folly in 1509, criticizing aspects of society that he believed needed reform.
Singled out the monks for obsessive detailed dogma
Ex. if I don’t wear this shirt in a specific way or pray for exactly 78 minutes, I’m getting sent hell
Church practiced many abuses -
Wrote the book The Prince, which addressed how to acquire and keep political power, specifically for Lorenzo de’Medici on how to gain and maintain power
Rulers can gain political power through war and military prowess
Losing focus on military matters → lose political control
Lorenzo de’ Medici got power through war → lost sight of military matters and lost power because citizens do not follow a leader they don’t fear
Machiavelli wrote it so Lorenzo could unify the Italian city-states -
Previous emperor died from illness
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Italian lady who led the Renaissance
Female “da Vinci”/Renaissance man
Funded the works of da Vinci and Michelangelo
Married Francesco Gonzaga and became co-regent of Mantua
When her husband was kidnapped Isabella D’Este ruled over Mantua showing that a woman could rule just as well as a man. Many accounts say she was a very good ruler. -
A ruthless, cruel, intelligent leader who is the model Renaissance prince
Example used by Machiavelli
Expanded power and attempted to unite Italy, but fell ill and was defeated by Julius II -
Part of the Medici Family
Excommunicated Martin Luther
Follow Julius and was succeeded by Adrian then Clement -
A Christian humanist and devout Catholic, opposed the king’s action and was beheaded
Thomas More was a trusted adviser to Henry VIII
He wrote Utopia in 1516, describing an ideal, harmonious society with equal sharing of goods
Utopia inspired 19th-century Utopian Socialists who tried to create communities based on its ideas
More was executed by Henry VIII for not supporting England’s break from the Roman Catholic Church
In 1935, Thomas More was canonized as a saint. -
The period where most of the important thinkers and artists of the Renaissance lived
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Admired for his madonnas, frescoes, and School of Athens that depicted principles of ancient Greek and Roman art
Challenged authority by drawing secular art -
Background
Born in Germany
Originally studied Law
In 1505, while at law school, he got knocked to the ground by a Bolt of Lightning
Then he vowed to become a monk if he was spared
Studied Theology is the University of Wittenberg and became Biblical scholar/professor
Beliefs
Good works are bs cause humans are depraved
Went against the Catholic Church who taught that salvation was a result of faith and good works -
Was a priest in Zurich, Switzerland
Preached doctrines against the Catholic church -
King Henry VIII (1491-1547) wanted to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, with whom he had a daughter, Mary, but no son, but since he needed a male heir, Henry wanted to marry Anne Boleyn
Catherine of Aragon - daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella and aunt of Charles V
Pope Clement VII was unwilling to annul (declare invalid) his marriage to Catherine, because Catherine of Aragon’s nephew was Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, who led the Sack or Rome in 1527 and held Pope Clement hostage. -
Charles V is the emperor over a large domain: Spain, Austria, Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, the Americas, and Naples in Italy (Habsburg family).
Wanted: to preserve Catholic unity in the Empire. -
Educated in France, but after converting to Protestantism, he had to flee Catholic France for Switzerland
Calvin shared the same view on most major doctrines with Luther
Faith alone - in agreement
Man totally depraved
In 1536 he published Institutes of the Christian Religion, a summary of Protestant thought, which gained him reputation as a new leader of Protestantism -
On October 31, 1517, Luther stapled Ninety-five Theses to the Wittenberg Church
The theses were an attack on abuses in the sale of indulgences.
Thousands of copies of the Ninety-five Theses were printed and spread to all parts of Germany, but Pope Leo X did not take the issue seriously -
Luther called before legislative assembly of Holy Roman Empire at the Diet of Worms and newly elected emperor Charles V (Hapsburg) (Also the King of Spain)
Charles V tried to make Luther take back his teachings, but Luther refused unless Charles V could find proof directly from the Bible
A month after the diet, Charles V passed the Edict of Worms (1521)
Terms: Luther was an outlaw within the Holy Roman Empire; his writings had to be burned, and he was to be arrested. -
In June 1524, German peasants revolted against their lords and looked to Luther to support their cause.
Luther instead supported the rulers, believing saying that the state and its rulers were put in power by God to maintain peace and order necessary to spread the Gospel. It was the duty of princes to stop all revolt.
The revolts were crushed, making Luther even more reliant on state authorities for his church’s growth
This shows how Luther is Conservative and Liberal -
Religious wars in Switzerland
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Campaigned to unify Japan → died before he could finish
Introduced firearms to warfare
Captured Kyoto in 1568
Betrayed and had to commit seppuku in 1582 -
Succeeded Nobunaga and tried to finish unification
Shi-no-ko-sho - Social class system
Shi ⇒ Warriors
No ⇒ Farming Peasants
Largest amount of population → high in regard, avoid revolt ⇒ better chance at unification
Ko ⇒ Craftsmen, Artisans
Sho ⇒ Merchants
Bans Christianity (no Western influence) → allows trade with Portuguese
Completes unification in 1590
Even tried to conquer Korea but ended up failing -
Treaty between Germany and Italy
Lasted 18 years
Restated traditional Catholic doctrines in opposition to Protestants
Both Faith and good works led to salvation
7 sacraments
Clerical celibacy
Indulgences continued but limitedReligious wars followed -
Formal acceptance of the division of Christianity
Lutheran states have the same rights as Catholic states
State rulers are free to choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism But individuals are not free to choose religion; they must follow the religion chosen by their ruler -
Took the throne 10 y/o, officials wield power for him
One official overpowered the other, but after his death he was revealed to be corrupt (bad look for government)
Flood of 1587 → essentially did nothing to fix issues it caused
Not technically negative monarch, just inattentive and ineffective → fails to solve issues
High taxes on citizens
Small-scale economic and political problems
Li Zicheng rebellion and takeover (during Chongzen’s rule) allows Manchus to strike -
Started the Stuart Dynasty after the Tudors died
Stuarts are Catholic → Protestant England
James I doesn’t really understand English tradition like Elizabeth did
He governs Scotland like his peers do (status quo) -- with Divine Right rule
Divine Right of Kings
God-given power/authority to rule ⇒ nobody can challenge their authority
Did not recognize secular authority (Parliament)
⇒ James clashes with Protestants (religion) and Parliament (politics) -
First social novel based on realistic societal norms
Corrupt and manipulative wealthy landlord (Ming period) -
After becoming ruler, he turns into a dictator with corruption (jealousy, envy)
Executes Charles I in 1649
Created “Rump Parliament” (1648) → leftover Puritans from Parliament
Rump Parliament declared England a republic (lasted
Oliver Cromwell later disbands Parliament with force and rules as a forceful dictator until death (evidence of Otanes saying that even the best man will be corrupt with power) -
A famine and epidemic caused a peasant rebellion led by Li Zicheng
Took over the capital Beijing in 1644
This put the Ming Dynasty in a weakened, fractured state
The Ming emperor at the time committed suicide after Beijing was captured -
Start of the war
Religious war ⇒ ends up as a war more about political interest and gaining power
Less concerned about their religious sect, more focused on their political state
Peace of Augsburg excluded Calvinism
Conflicts expanded between Catholics, Protestants, Calvinists, etc.
Official start: Second Defenestration of Prague -
Best example of Absolutist rule in 1600s → Golden Age of France
Absolutism: divine right of kings give them absolute power
Louis came to power as a child (1643) → ministers (Cardinal Richelieu) who ruled for him took away Huguenot political/military rights (maintained religious rights)
Louis took over all of France when the cardinals died
→ Louis wanted to become the sole, real ruler of France (absolute power)
→ Louis started a myth that he was the Sun God -
Achievements
Manchus were a cultural minority
Manchu nobility (large property, revenue from state treasury) or banners (military force)
Integrated Chinese into gov’t (80% of lower gov’t positions) → sharing power won Chinese support for the Manchus
Qing population was 370% that of Ming
Ming redistributed land to peasants → much more food, even a new type of rice (Potatoes and corn from the New World)
More food availability
Higher population → could not give land to everyone
⇒ revolt -
Augsburg toleration policies were extended to include Calvinists
Redrew maps of Europe
Arbitrarily drew lines on the map (general territories)
Usually does not work out well when the citizens of the territories are not present at the actual council
Declared the “losers” of the war
Holy Roman Empire
Population dies, loses land
France takes Western frontier, Sweden takes northern territories
Spain (main loser)
Netherlands becomes independent Holland, Portuguese declared independence -
Hardworking, took over as a teenager
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Also known as the English Constitution of 1689
Before Parliament accepts them as monarchs, they demanded William and Mary sign the BoR
Establishes idea that English monarch’s authority is dependent on Parliament ⇒ NOT GOD, like Divine Right
Shapes US Constitution
Makes England much more democratic (not a full democracy)
Only men with significant property can vote/affect Parliament -
Closes door, bans Christians and missionaries
China at the time was atheist → spread of christianity was bad
Macartney (1737-1806) asks to trade
China says its goods are better, continues to restrict Europe to Macau or Guangzhou
Let British come to China for goods, but they didn’t really think British goods were appealing (also didn’t want British to have control in their economy) -
Most distinguished novel in China (Qing period)
Tragic love story between two people in a clan during a financial decline -
British sales of Opium in China were restricted by the Chinese regime. The British Parliament voted to go to war to continue the trade. After the British victory other industrial powers forced China to accept their trade goods and the balance of trade began to shift.
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was a massive civil war in China, one of the deadliest conflicts in history. It was led by Hong Xiuquan, a religious visionary who believed he was the younger brother of Jesus Christ (cultural diffusion) and sought to overthrow the ruling Qing dynasty. Hong and his followers, called the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, wanted sweeping reforms: land redistribution, equality between men and women, strict moral codes, and the replacement of traditional Chinese beliefs with a form of Christianity.