-
William the Conqueror defeated King Harold at Hastings and became king. Introduced Norman laws, feudalism, and influenced language and culture. This event shaped England’s monarchy and political system for centuries https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Conquest#/media/File:Bayeux_Tapestry_scene55_William_crowned_king.jpg -
King John limited his powers and recognized certain rights of his subjects. Foundation of constitutional monarchy and rule of law. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Carta#/media/File:Magna_Carta_(British_Library_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II.106).jpg -
Simon de Montfort included commoners in Parliament alongside nobles. Early step toward representative government. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_de_Montfort,_6th_Earl_of_Leicester#/media/File:Simon_de_Montfort_earl_of_Leicester.jpg -
Henry VIII fully incorporated Wales into England, standardizing laws and courts. Strengthened the idea of a single English state including Wales. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_Rhuddlan#/media/File:Edward_I_of_England.jpg -
Henry VIII becomes head of Church of England, breaking from the Pope. Started the English Reformation. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Act-of-Supremacy-England-1534 -
Henry VIII fully incorporated Wales into England, standardizing laws and courts. Strengthened the idea of a single English state including Wales. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535_and_1542#/media/File:Henry_VIII.jpg -
Edward VI strengthened Protestant reforms in England, shaping religion permanently. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VI -
Shows Catholic opposition to Protestant reforms during Mary I’s reign; highlights political-religious tensions. -
Elizabeth I created a compromise between Catholics and Protestants. Defined Church of England but left some groups dissatisfied. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement#/media/File:Elizabeth_I_of_England.jpg -
James VI of Scotland became James I of England, uniting the crowns but not the parliaments. First step toward political union between England and Scotland. -
Conflict between King Charles I and Parliament over royal power and religion. Challenged absolute monarchy and led to constitutional changes. https://www.britannica.com/event/English-Civil-Wars -
Charles I executed by Parliament after losing the civil war. First legal execution of a monarch; reduced royal power permanently. https://www.hrp.org.uk/banqueting-house/history-and-stories/the-execution-of-charles-i/ -
Charles II returned to the throne after republican period. Monarchy restored but with limited power. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Restoration-English-history-1660 -
James II overthrown by William III and Mary II without war. Parliament strengthened over monarchy. https://www.britannica.com/event/Glorious-Revolution -
Limited monarch’s power and confirmed Parliament’s supremacy. Established constitutional monarchy and civil rights
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_1689#/media/File:Bill_of_Rights_1689.jpg -
England (including Wales) and Scotland united into the Kingdom of Great Britain with a single Parliament. Strengthened political stability and economic cooperation https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707#/media/File:Union_flag_1606.svg -
Ireland joined Great Britain to form the United Kingdom. Expanded territory and political influence of the UK. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom#/media/File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg -
Most of Ireland became independent; Northern Ireland remained in the UK. Shaped the modern political map of the British Isles. https://www.historyextra.com/period/20th-century/partition-ireland-northern-southern-republic-brief-history-facts/ -
Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland received devolved governments with powers over local matters. Modernized governance in the four-nation UK. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devolution_in_the_United_Kingdom#/media/File:UK_devolution_map.svg
.jpg){kind=link}
