Timeline: HUM assessment sec 3

Period: 509 BCE to 263 BCE

Early Republic

509 BCE - Formation of Roman Republic
• Adopted Greek hoplite tactics with heavy infantry (hastati, principes, triarii)
• Used round shields (clipeus) and long spears 390 BCE - Gallic Sack of Rome
• Romans learn importance of mobility and adapt tactics
• Begin developing more flexible military formations 350-300 BCE - Military Reforms
• Introduction of the manipular system - smaller, more flexible units
• Adoption of the scutum (rectangular shield)
• Development of the gladius (short sword)

508 BCE

Formation of Roman republic

• Adopted Greek hoplite tactics with heavy infantry (hastati, principes, triarii) • Used round shields (clipeus) and long spears

390 BCE

Gallic sack of Rome

Romans learn importance of mobility and adapt tactics Begin developing more flexible military formations

Period: 350 BCE to 300 BCE

Military Reforms

• Introduction of the manipular system - smaller, more flexible units • Adoption of the scutum (rectangular shield) • Development of the gladius (short sword) adapted from Spanish designs

Period: 264 BCE to 241 BCE

First Punic War

• Romans develop naval warfare capabilities • Innovation of the corvus (boarding bridge) for naval battles

Period: 264 BCE to 133 BCE

Middle Republic

264-241 BCE-First Punic War
• Romans develop naval warfare capabilities
• Innovation of the corvus (boarding bridge) for naval battles
218-201 BCE-Second Punic War
• Tactical lessons from defeats by Hannibal
• Improved coordination between infantry, cavalry and allies
• Development of combined arms tactics
200-150 BCE-Eastern Conquests
• Adaptation of Greek siege techniques
• Integration of specialized troops (archers, slingers, cavalry)
• Refinement of the testudo (tortoise) formation for siege

Period: 218 BCE to 201 BCE

Second Punic War

• Tactical lessons from defeats by Hannibal • Improved coordination between infantry, cavalry, and allies • Development of combined arms tactics

Period: 200 BCE to 150 BCE

Eastern Conquests

• Adaptation of Greek siege techniques • Integration of specialized troops (archers, slingers, cavalry) • Refinement of the testudo (tortoise) formation for siege warfare

Period: 133 BCE to 27 BCE

Late Republic

107 BCE-Marian Reforms
• Professional standing army created
• Standardized equipment for all legionaries
• Introduction of the pilum (javelin) as standard weapon
• Cohort system replaces manipular system 58-50 BCE-Gallic Wars (Caesar)
• Advanced siege warfare techniques
• Innovative fortification methods (circumvallation)
• Improved logistics and engineering corps 49-31 BCE-Civil War Period
• Development of specialized units
• Advanced artillery (ballistae, catapults)
•Improved cavalry tactics

107 BCE

Marian Reforms

• Professional standing army created • Standardized equipment for all legionaries • Introduction of the pilum (javelin) as standard weapon • Cohort system replaces manipular system

Period: 58 BCE to 50 BCE

Gallic Wars (Caesar)

• Advanced siege warfare techniques • Innovative fortification methods (circumvallation) • Improved logistics and engineering corps

Period: 49 BCE to 31 BCE

Civil War Period

• Development of specialized units • Advanced artillery (ballistae, catapults) • Improved cavalry tactics

27 BCE

Augustus Creates Imperial Army

• Standardized training and equipment across legions • Establishment of permanent military engineering units • Development of standardized fortification designs

Period: 27 BCE to 180

Early Empire

27 BCE-Augustus Creates Imperial Army
• Standardized training and equipment across legions
•Establishment of permanent military engineering units
• Development of standardized fortification designs 43-84 CE-Conquest of Britain
• Advanced amphibious assault techniques
• Improved siege engines and artillery 101-106 CE-Dacian Wars (Trajan)
•Peak of Roman siege warfare technology
•Advanced use of artillery and engineering
•Sophisticated logistics systems
(Sorry couldn't include Hadrian word limit)

Period: 48 to 84