-
Russian psychologist known for sociocultural theory. Social interaction and cognitive development. Introduced the concept of ZPD, and believed that language is central to thought, as children first use it to communicate socially and later internalize it as inner speech to guide problem-solving.
-
A brazilian educator and philosopher, known for his critical pedagogy and advocacy for literacy.Freire argued that students and teachers should learn from one another in a partnership, with education helping learners question the world around them and work toward social change.
-
Jeanne Chall's work highlights the role on phonics. Early research emphasized the importance of phonemic awareness—understanding that words are made up of individual sounds (phonemes)—and how matching these sounds to letters helps children decode words.
-
provides funding for schools and emphasizes fair access to quality education. Its purpose was to provide equal access to quality education for all children, especially those from low-income families. The most well-known part of the law is Title I, which gives federal funding to schools serving disadvantaged students ESEA was the first major federal law to provide great funding for K–12 education.
-
Ensures that children with disabilities have access to free and appropriate public education. It covers students with a range of disabilities, including learning disabilities, speech and language impairments, autism, and emotional or physical disabilities. The law has been reauthorized several times, strengthening accountability and inclusion, and it continues to be a cornerstone of special education in the United States.
-
Computers and other software start changing reading instruction. This revolution has made information more accessible and collaborative, allowing for global communication and instant sharing of ideas.