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Keira-Leigh Overton
10307417 -
In this task I will be creating a timeline that visually depicts how the passenger transport industry has changes post world war 2. -
The first recorded tax in England was introduced in 2103, a tax on wool levied during King John's reign. Over the centuries, various taxes were established, including the income tax implemented by William Pitt in 1799, primarily to fund wars in France. currently, the UK has multiple tax types, such as income tax, national insurance, and captains gains tax. By 2026, workers will be permitted to earn up to £12,570 without incurring tax. -
During the "Industrial Revolution" emissions in the UK began to increase significantly. The air pollution became so bad that in 1950, the UK government decided to introduce the first "Clean Air Act," which occurred in 1956. Before this, the UK had already implemented several methods to deal with air quality problems. Historically, events like wars have led to major megatons of CO2 equivalents, contributing just over 2% of the global total. -
The concept of the Channel Tunnel emerged in 1802, but construction didn't start until 1988, finishing in 1993. Eurostar services began in November 2994. The Channel Tunnel, an underwater link, contacts southern England and northern France. "Getlink2 operates it, also running Le Shuttle services. The "Chunnel" comprises three tunnels, two for rail and one for service, primarily for passengers and freight trains. -
Following World War 2, significant political and legal shifts occurred in planning regulations. The 1947 Planning Act governed land use and development, introducing a comprehensive planning system. This system required local authority approval for development, aiming to preserve green spaces. -
After World War 2, the government assumed control of the railway networks. There aim was to enhance services and stimulate investment. Modern commuting practices emerged in 1944, largely due to significant demand for transportation options for work. -
After World War 2, most countries in the UK saw increased incomes and better living standards due to economic recovery. There was a focus on full-time employment to support rising real incomes. From 1950-1965, real incomes increased by about 40% -
In the recent years, the average work hours have decreased to 37 hours a week, compared to 50 hours a week in the 1950s. This has given people more leisure time especially due to paid annual leave. Annual leave entitlements have influenced seasonal travel, as families take holidays during school breaks. -
Process of widening motorways, which involves increasing the number of lanes to facilitate safer travel, began to address growing traffic demands. The first motorway to be widened was the M1, originally built in 1959. After 1960, this same motorway was expanded frow two to three lanes, a change driven by rapid increase in car ownership and overall traffic volume. More recently, in 2025, sections of the M6, including junctions 21and 26, underwent widening to handle increased traffic loads. -
The 1970s marked the beginning of a significant shift towards privatisations in the UK, transforming numerous state-owned industries into private companies. This process profoundly impacted both the economy and society. Notable examples of privatised companies include British Telecom in 1987, British Gas, and British Airways in 1987. Various methods were employed for these transfers, such as private sales, public flotations, and management buyouts. -
Post-World War 2, protest camps emerged in the UK as a form of activism. These camps typically addressed environmental concerns, aiming to raise awareness, challenge government policies, and promote alternative lifestyles. An example of such a protest camp in the UK was 'Pollock Free State,' which took place in Glasgow in the 1990s, protesting against the M77 motorway. -
In 1994, the Air Passenger Duty was introduced. This tax applies to passenger flights departing from UK airports. Initially, its purpose was to generate revenue, but more recently, it has shown some environmental benefits by potentially discouraging travel. The cost of APD varies depending on the flight distance and the class travel, with the collected funds going to the Treasury. -
Over the last 50 years, there's been a significant surge in car ownership. This has led to a notable decrease in the use of traditional public transport. However, this increase also brings environmental consequences, including pollution and congestion. -
Budget airlines began to significantly impact the tourism industry in 1997, making air travel more accessible, Ryanair, for example, is one of the most popular affordable airlines. These airlines offer affordable options by streamlining services, such as reducing cleaning measures. The planning of budget airlines began in the 1970s, with their widespread implementation starting in 1978. -
Online check in for airlines is a pretty neat technological advancement that makes air travel a bit smoother. It lets you bypass some of the airport hustle by checking in from your computer or phone before you even leave the house. You can usually pick your seat, confirm your details, and even print your boarding pass. You can usually do this up to 24-48 hours before your flight. It's all about making the pre-flight process more convenient. -
Airport expansion is recognised as a significant environmental concern. Several airport expansion projects are currently underway in locations such as Leeds, Bradford, and Bristol, with more anticipated. Gatwick Airport has plans for expansion. However, government advisors indicated in 2020 that UK airport capacity should not grow unless the aviation sector surpasses its emission reduction targets. Furthermore, ministers possess the authority to influence local decisions regarding expansion. -
Smart Motorways are sections of highways in the UK designed to manage traffic flow more efficiently using technology. They use variable speed limits, lane control signs, and sometimes convert the hard shoulder into a running lane during busier times. Its goal is to reduce congestion and improve journey times. There has been slight issues about using the hard shoulder as a running lane but overall this choice has had a significant impact on passenger transport. -
Around two decades ago, London introduced congestion charges, specifically targeting motor vehicles. Motorists are required to pay a fee for entering London between 7am and 10pm, seven days a week. Failure to pay results in a fine. These charges are implemented in cities to reduce traffic congestion within urban areas. -
Noise pollution poses a significant environmental issue in the UK. Public transport contributes approximately 25% of CO2, a major contributor to climate change. While air quality has improved in some areas, others struggle to meet national objectives. Urban centers and busy roads are primary sources of local pollution, with aviation also significantly contributing to poor air quality. -