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: Explicitly stated a true woman's sphere of influence was the domestic, or home sphere, as a refuge for the man who worked in the city.
: Stressed piety, purity, submission and domesticity as key tenets.
: Any woman who did not uphold these was considered a "fallen woman" (prostitutes, adulterers, laundresses) or a Redundant woman (childless).
:However now there was the addition of the "New Woman"; upperclass, white woman who were suffragists, educated and employed, and independent! -
Precusor of Modern Art.
:They rejected many features of Academic Art.
:They created their own salons. Despite this, still submitted works to the Academy.
:Highly criticized many aspects of modern life and the politics and social values of the upperclass.
:Focused on originality, did not copy ancient Greeks and Romans.
:Eurocentric; believed Europe and European cultures were superior.
:Patriarchal; ironically many of these artists were white middle class men, there were very few women. -
Gustave Courbet, Burial at Ornans, 1849, oil on canvas, 124 by 160inches, Musee d'Orsay, Paris.
:Despite the ceremony shown, there is no reverence for the trappings, it is seen as commonplace and drab.
:All figures shown are depicted realistically (haha) rather than idealized
:They are, however, somewhat abstracted, and combined with the viewpoint originating from the grave, implies that the viewer is dead themselves. -
Gustave Courbet, The Painter's Studio: A Real Allegory Summing Up a Seven-Year Phase of My Artistic Life, 1855, oil on canvas, 142.1 by 235.4inches, Musee d'Orsay, Paris.
:There's a departure from mythology for the nude woman portrayed in here, scandalous.
:There's an implied split between past/lowerclass and present/modern, with Napoleon III in the past, as a poacher too.
:The primary focus is Gustave in the center, with his artist friends on the right and a small boy near his knee(child self) -
:Another movement that rejected Academic norms.
:These painters sought to capture the optical effects of light in a painting.
:They were heavily influenced by photography and other tech innovations.
:Depicted scenes of modernity with loose brushwork, and often painted outside.
:Many, if not all, were very wealthy and as such the modern life they painted were scenes of tourism leisure, and parties.
:There were a few hints to the inner workings of society in the paintings, however. -
Edouard Manet, Olympia, 1863, oil on canvas, 51.1 by 74.8inches, Musee d'Orsay, Paris.
:Another nude woman with no trappings of mythology!
:She stares down the viewer with a look of almost disgust, and is not completely nude, making this a clear implication that she is a sex worker.
:Along with that, she also has a servant bringing her flowers, and her looking away seems to imply her snubbing of the gift giver.
:additionally, her form is very flat and almost sickly, with sever shadow, no blendin -
Claude Monet, Impression, Sunrise; 1872, oil on canvas, 18.9 by 24.8 inches, Musee Marmottan, Paris.
:The frontrunner of the Impressionism movement! however it was only given that name after a critic's review.
:THIS is where they started to capture the optical elements of light and how it plays on surfaces.
:They've also been painting outside now, with the new innovations in paint and art supplies. Which enabled looser brushstrokes and heavy paint application. -
Edgar Degas, The Dance Class, 1874, oil on canvas, 32.8 by 30.4inches, Metropoltian Museum of Art, New York.
:A scene of rest and learning for the dancers, until you notice the old man in the far right of the canvas.
:The virtues of the CoTD imply that this situation is improper, he might be getting more out of this thann initially spoken.
:However, the loose brushwork of Impressionism is on full display here, as the figures are all somewhat abstract, including the man who's face is hidden. -
Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Dance at the Moulin de la Galette, 1876, oil on canvas, 51.5 by 68.9inches, Musee d'Orsay, Paris.
:Beautiful light plays across everything in there.
:Like other Impressionists, depicted scenes of leisure and parties all the time, keeping faces and figures abstract to emphasize the feeling you get from the painting.
:You can see hints of inner workings in the border that the women are leaning across to speak to the men, implying a segregation by gender in this lavish party -
Edgar Degas, Little Dancer of Fourteen Years, 1881, originally in wax, now bronze silk cotton, 38.5x14.5x14.2 inches, Virignia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond.
:Despite being a statue, her form isn't incredibly detailed, and somehow still is fairly abstract
:It seems to have captured the loose brushwork of Impressionism paintings within the sculpture!
:It also captures subject matter of the spectacle of modern living, but portrays them in the harmful way they are to girls of her age. -
Edouard Manet, A Bar at the Folies-Bergere, 1881, oil on canvas, 37.8 by 51.1inches, Courtauld Gallery, London.
:A piece with some abstraction, it borders into the Impressionist ways with the looseness of the brushwork.
:The bar girl is the focus, she looks tired and doesn't meet the gaze of the viewer.
:She presented alongside the beer and other items to eat, implying she might also do sex work.
:Additionally, the mirror behind her clearly shows a man talking to her, but are we that man? -
Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Luncheon of the Boating Party, 1881, oil on canvas, 51.3 by 69.1inches, Phillips Collection, Washington D.C.
:Beautiful colors, light playing over every inch of the painting!
:A small boating party full of wealthy socialites, food and wine abundant.
:However, if you look in the upper right corner, you can see a woman being cornered by two separate men, who seem like they're going to assault her if things get any worse. -
Claude Monet, Wheatstacks (Snow Effect, Morning), 1891, oil on canvas, 25.5 by 39.5inch, Getty Museum, Los Angeles.
:A beautiful natural scene, the light is painted in fine detail, and this is part of a series of paintings.
:Hopefully obvious, but these were painted outside, with the help of new prestretched canvases and easily transportable paints!
:This work is the one of the odd ones out, in that it has a natural scene many of his works have modern buildings and towns at different times. -
Claude Monet, The Water Lilies(Morning), 1915, oil on canvas, 78.7 by 167.3inches, Musee de l'Orangerie, Paris.
:Beautiful natural scenery, and part of another series as well!
:Monet created paintings like this to fully study the effects of light on water in multiple weather conditions.
:Photography also heavily influenced Impressionism, but it's unknown if Monet ever used it. -
McCoy, Dr. Claire Black. “Smarthistory – Gustave Courbet, a Burial at Ornans.” Smarthistory, 1 Oct. 2017, smarthistory.org/gustave-courbet-a-burial-at-ornans/.
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Follan, Dr. Thomas. “Smarthistory – Édouard Manet, Olympia.” Smarthistory, 9 Dec. 2015, smarthistory.org/edouard-manet-olympia/.
Harris, Dr. Beth, and Dr. Steven Zucker. “Smarthistory – Gustave Courbet, the Painter’s Studio: A Real Allegory Summing up Seven Years of My Life as an Artist.” Smarthistory, 9 Aug. 2015, smarthistory.org/courbet-the-artists-studio/. -
Harris, Dr. Beth, and Dr. Steven Zucker. “Smarthistory – Auguste Renoir, Luncheon of the Boating Party.” Smarthistory, 12 Nov. 2015, smarthistory.org/renoir-luncheon-of-the-boating-party/.
Harris, Dr. Beth, and Dr. Steven Zucker. “Smarthistory – Claude Monet, Les Nymphéas (the Water Lilies).” Smarthistory, 23 Nov. 2015, smarthistory.org/claude-monet-les-nympheas-the-water-lilies/. -
Harris, Dr. Beth, and Dr. Steven Zucker. “Smarthistory – Claude Monet, Les Nymphéas (the Water Lilies).” Smarthistory, 23 Nov. 2015, smarthistory.org/claude-monet-les-nympheas-the-water-lilies/.
Cordier, Dr. Sylvain, et al. “Smarthistory – Edgar Degas, Little Dancer Age Fourteen.” Smarthistory, 9 Oct. 2024, smarthistory.org/edgar-degas-little-dancer-age-fourteen/. -
Zucker, Dr. Steven, and Dr. Beth Harris. “Smarthistory – Auguste Renoir, Moulin de La Galette.” Smarthistory, 27 Nov. 2015, smarthistory.org/auguste-renoir-moulin-de-la-galette/.
Allan, Dr. Scott, and Dr. Beth Harris. “Smarthistory – Claude Monet, Wheatstacks (Snow Effect, Morning)Getty Conversations.” Smarthistory, 28 Mar. 2022, smarthistory.org/monet-wheatstacks-snow-effect-morning-getty-conversations/. -
Gleeson, Dr. Maura. “Smarthistory – Claude Monet, Impression, Sunrise.” Smarthistory, 8 Aug. 2023, smarthistory.org/claude-monets-impression-sunrise/
Harris, Dr. Beth, and Dr. Steven Zucker. “Smarthistory – Edgar Degas, the Dance Class.” Smarthistory, 25 Nov. 2015, smarthistory.org/edgar-degas-the-dance-class/
Harris, Dr. Beth, and Dr. Steven Zucker. “Smarthistory – Édouard Manet, a Bar at the Folies-Bergère.” Smarthistory, 1 Oct. 2017, smarthistory.org/edouard-manet-a-bar-at-the-folies-bergere/