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Date: 14 May 1796 (first vaccination of James Phipps) – method adopted widely by early 1800s
Description: Introduced vaccination, leading to eventual eradication of smallpox.
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Date: 17 December 1903 (first successful flight) – improved flights 1905 onward
Description: Achieved the first sustained powered flight, founding modern aviation.
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Date: c. 1440 (invention) – spread rapidly across Europe by 1455
Description: Invented movable type printing, revolutionizing the spread of knowledge.
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Date: 1609 (first telescope use) – 1610 (published Sidereus Nuncius)
Description: Observed Jupiter’s moons, phases of Venus, and surface of the Moon, changing astronomy.
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Date: 5 July 1687 (Principia Mathematica published) – influence continues through 18th century
Description: Unified celestial and terrestrial mechanics under mathematical laws.
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Date: 1898 (elements discovered) – 1911 (second Nobel Prize)
Description: Advanced the science of radioactivity, discovered radium and polonium, and applied them to medicine.
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26 September 1905 (Special Relativity published in Annalen der Physik) Explained space, time, and energy with his relativity theories. Changed physics and cosmology forever.
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Date: 28 September 1928 (discovery) – 1940s (mass production and medical use)
Description: Identified penicillin, the first true antibiotic, revolutionizing medicine.
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25 April 1953 (Nature article published) Discovered the double-helix structure of DNA. Opened the door to genetics and biotechnology.
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Date: 24 November 1859 (On the Origin of Species published) – refined through 1870s
Description: Proposed natural selection as the driver of evolution, transforming biology.
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