-
Initial Arrival and Migration: The first groups of humans enter the continent, likely via the Bering Strait (Beringia). Undifferentiated Hunter-Gatherers: Use of simpler, less specialized stone tools. Based on debated archaeological evidence and very early dates.
Monte Verde (Chile), Pedra Furada (Brazil), Meadowcroft Rockshelter (USA) -
Megafauna Hunters: Highly specialized economy focused on hunting large animals (mammoths, mastodons, extinct bison). Clovis Culture: Use of the distinctive fluted Clovis spear point, long considered the oldest and most widespread evidence in North America. Clovis/Blackwater Draw Site (New Mexico), Sites across the Great Plains of the US and Mexico. -
Megafauna Extinction: Global warming causes the disappearance of large mammals. Regional Specialization: Cultures emerge, adapted to local environments by hunting smaller, modern bison and diversifying their diet. Folsom Culture: Use of the Folsom spear point, which is smaller and more finely crafted than the Clovis point.
Folsom Site (New Mexico), Plano Points (on the plains), Gainey Culture (Eastern USA) -
Lifestyle Change: Groups adapt to a modern environment. There is a greater reliance on plant gathering, fishing, and hunting smaller game, marking the end of extreme nomadism and the start of cultural regionalization.