.-Philosophers-. By Ill1337 750 BCE Homer 700 BCE Hesiod 623 BCE Thales of Miletus 610 BCE Anaximander 585 BCE Anaximenes of Miletus 570 BCE Pythagoras 570 BCE Xenophanes 550 BCE Heraclitus 520 BCE Parminides 510 BCE Leucippus 500 BCE Anaxagoras 495 BCE Zeno of Elea 494 BCE Empedocles 490 BCE Protagoras 490 BCE Melissus of Samos 483 BCE Gorgias 480 BCE Antiphon 470 BCE Philolaus 470 BCE Socrates 460 BCE Democritus 427 BCE Plato 404 BCE Diogenes 384 BCE Aristotle 341 BCE Epicurus 334 BCE Zeno of Citium 204 BCE Plotinus 106 BCE Cicero 20 BCE Philo of Alexandria 4 BCE Seneca the Younger 121 Marcus Aurelius 325 Jerome 339 Ambrose of Milan 354 Saint Augustine 479 Boethius 540 Pope Gregory I 980 Avicenna 1033 Anselm of Canterbury 1076 Peter Abelard 1126 Averroes 1220 Rodger Bacon 1225 Thomas Aquinas 1265 Duns Scotus 1265 Dante Alighieri 1284 William of Ockham 1304 Francesco Petrarch 1328 John Wycliffe 1370 Jan Hus 1407 Lorenzo Valla 1433 Marsilio Ficino 1463 Giovanni Pico della Mirandola 1466 Erasmus of Rotterdam 1469 Niccolo Machiavelli 1475 Thomas More 1483 Martin Luther 1509 John Calvin 1533 Michel de Montagine 1548 Giordano Bruno 1561 Francis Bacon 1588 Thomas Hobbes 1596 René Descartes 1632 John Locke 1632 Baruch Spinoza 1643 Isaac Newton 1646 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 1685 George Berkeley 1689 Montesquieu 1694 Francois-Marie Arouet Voltaire 1711 David Hume 1712 Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1713 Denis Diderot 1723 Adam Smith 1724 Immanuel Kant 1729 Edmund Burke 1748 Jeremy Bentham 1762 Johann Gottlieb Fichte 1770 Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel 1775 Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling