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The Epitaph of Seikilos is a fragment of a Greek epigraphic inscription found on a marble column placed over the tomb that Seikilos had built for his wife Euterpe, near Ephesus, in present-day Turkey -
It is a type of plain chant, simple, monodic and with music subject to the text used in the liturgy of the Catholic Church. -
Guido of Arezzo was a Benedictine monk and a key musical theorist in the Middle Ages. He developed a notation system and the sight-singing method using the syllables ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la. His treatise Micrologus is the first comprehensive analysis of polyphonic music and plainchant. -
She is also considered the mother of natural history. Hildegard of Bingen was a German Benedictine abbess and polymath, notable as a composer, writer, philosopher, physician, and prophetess. Known as the 'Sibyl of the Rhine,' she is one of the most important composers of sacred monophony and the most recorded in the modern era. -
Bernart de Ventadorn was a prominent troubadour, composer, and Provençal poet, born in Limousin around 1125-1145. He is known for his style of poetry and music called trobar leu, which is characterized by its smoothness and elegance. He was one of the most popular troubadours of his time, influencing the medieval tradition of Provençal lyric poetry. -
Leonin was the best organum composer, and he made the great book of polyphony to ornament the divine service. -
Perotín, called in French Pérotin le Grand or in Latin Magister Perotinus Magnus, was a medieval French composer, who was born in Paris between 1155 and 1160 and died around 1230. -
Alfonso X of Castile, known as "the Wise," was King of Castile and León (1252-1284). The eldest son of Ferdinand III, he gained prominence early on by conquering the Kingdom of Murcia and securing peace with James I of Aragon through his marriage to Violante, daughter of the Aragonese king. -
Guillaume de Machaut (c. 1300–1377) was a 14th-century French composer, poet, and clergyman, considered the greatest exponent of the Ars nova musical movement. He composed the first known polyphonic mass written by a single composer, the Messe de Nostre Dame, and contributed significantly to the development of the motet and secular song. His work influenced many later composers in both their religious and secular works. -
Ars antiqua is a term that musicology uses to refer to polyphonic music from a period that is not entirely specific but, in any case, prior to the 14th century, which was developed especially brilliantly in France and whose main manifestation was the polytextual motet. -
Ars nova may refer to a 14th-century musical movement characterized by innovations in notation and polyphony. -
Francesco Landini was a 14th-century Italian composer, organist, singer, poet, and instrument maker, considered one of the most important figures of the Italian ars nova and the period known as the Trecento. He became blind in childhood due to smallpox, which led him to dedicate himself to music from a very young age. His best-known works are secular pieces, especially ballat, although he also composed madrigals and was an organist in the churches of Florence. -
Gutenberg invented the printing press in the 15th century, which made it possible to make books faster and allow more people to read. Before, books were copied by hand and almost no one had access. His invention helped end the Middle Ages, as did other events such as Columbus's voyage or the fall of Constantinople. -
He was a Spanish poet, musician, and playwright. The son of a craftsman, he began singing in the choir of Salamanca Cathedral and later worked for the brother of the Duke of Alba, who paid for his law studies at the University of Salamanca, where he likely studied with Antonio de Nebrija. -
Martin Luther was a German monk and theologian who lived in the 16th century. His ideas gave rise to Lutheranism, a new form of Christianit. Luther harshly criticized the Catholic Church, especially for selling indulgences (forgiveness of sins in exchange for money). For this reason, he was excommunicated from the Church in 1521, but his actions made him the leader of the Protestant Reformation -
Cristóbal de Morales (born in Seville in 1500 and died in 1553) was a very important Spanish priest and musician of the Renaissance. He was a choirmaster and one of the three great composers of polyphonic music (music with several voices singing simultaneously) in Spain, along with Tomás Luis de Victoria and Francisco Guerrero. -
Antonio de Cabezón was a famous Spanish musician of the Renaissance. Although he became blind as a child, he was a great composer and played for Empress Elizabeth and Emperor Charles I. He traveled through Europe with the future King Philip II, and his music influenced other countries. He wrote primarily for organ, and his son published his works after his death. Today he is remembered with streets, plaques and his preserved birthplace. -
Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina was an Italian Renaissance composer, born in 1525, famous for his religious music. He used a style called polyphony, where several voices sing different melodies simultaneously but clearly. His music helped the Church accept this technique, especially in his work Missa Papae Marcelli. Palestrina is considered one of the great masters of Renaissance music, and his influence on religious music remains significant today. -
Andrea Gabrieli (c. 1533 – August 30, 1585) was an Italian composer and organist of the late Renaissance. Uncle of perhaps the more famous composer Giovanni Gabrieli, he was the first internationally renowned member of the Venetian School of composers. He was highly influential in spreading the Venetian style in both Italy and Germany. -
Orlando di Lasso, also known as Orlandus Lassus, Roland de Lassus, Roland Delattre, or Orlande de Lassus (Mons, 1532 – Munich, June 14, 1594), was a Franco-Flemish composer of the late Renaissance. Along with Palestrina and Victoria, he is considered one of the most influential composers of the 16th century. -
Maddalena Casulana (c. 1544–1590) was an Italian composer, singer, and lutenist of the late Renaissance. She is known for being the first female composer in the history of Western music to have a complete book of her music printed and published. -
Tomás Luis de Victoria (Ávila, c. 1548 – Madrid, August 27, 1611) was a Catholic priest, choirmaster, and celebrated polyphonic composer of the Spanish Renaissance. He has been considered one of the most important and advanced composers of his time, with an innovative style that foreshadowed the imminent Baroque period. His influence extended into the 20th century, when he was taken as a model by the composers of the Cecilian school. -
This Venetian composer spent almost his entire life in Venice, except for four years (1575-1579) at the court of Munich. He was a pupil of his uncle Andrea Gabrieli and, after the latter's death in 1586, became the first organist of St. Mark's Basilica, a position he held until his death. -
Carlo Gesualdo (born in Naples around 1560 and died there in 1613) was an Italian composer and lutenist. His life is not well documented and has given rise to many legends, so much so that it has even inspired operas by modern composers such as Franz Hummel and Alfred Schnittke. In 1590, he killed his wife and her lover upon finding them together, which contributed to his reputation as a dark and mysterious figure. -
Claudio Monteverdi was an influential Italian composer, violagamba player and singer, considered a key figure in the transition from the Renaissance to the musical Baroque. -
Giacomo Carissimi was an influential Italian Baroque composer, known as a leading representative of the Roman School. -
Barbara Strozzi was an influential Italian Baroque singer and composer, recognized for her extensive vocal work. -
Antonio Stradivarius was an Italian luthier of the 17th and 18th centuries, recognized as the most famous maker of string instruments in history, especially famous for his violins, violas and cellos. -
Henry Purcell was an influential English baroque composer considered one of his country's greatest composers. He created his own English baroque style by fusing French and Italian stylistic currents. -
Antonio Vivaldi was an Italian baroque composer and violinist, known for being one of the greatest of his time and for his most famous work, The Four Seasons. -
Georg Philipp Telemann was a German baroque composer considered one of the most prolific in musical history. -
Georg Friedrich Händel was a German composer who became an English citizen, considered one of the leading figures of baroque music -
Johann Sebastian Bach was a German composer and organist of the Baroque period, considered one of the most influential musicians in history. -
Christoph Willibald Gluck, from 1756 Chevalier de Gluck, was a German composer from the Bohemian region of the Czech Republic. He is considered one of the most important opera composers of the Classical period of the second half of the 18th century. -
Franz Joseph Haydn , conocido como Joseph Haydn, fue un compositor austríaco. Es uno de los máximos representantes del periodo Clásico, además de ser conocido como el «padre de la sinfonía» y el «padre del cuarteto de cuerda» gracias a sus importantes contribuciones a ambos géneros. -
Maria Anna Walburga Ignatia Mozart, also known as Nannerl and Marianne, was a famous 18th-century musician. She was the older sister of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and the daughter of Leopold and Anna Maria Mozart. -
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, was a composer, pianist, conductor and professor of Austrian origin,[1] from the former Archbishopric of Salzburg -
Maria Theresia von Paradis was an Austrian pianist and composer. Despite losing her sight completely at the age of three, this did not prevent the output and work of this great pianist, singer, and composer from continuing to stand out. -
Ludwig van Beethoven was a German composer, conductor, pianist, and piano teacher. His musical legacy spans, chronologically, from the Classical period to the beginnings of Romanticism. -
Gioachino Rossini was an Italian composer who gained fame for his 39 operas, although he also wrote many songs, some chamber and piano pieces, and some sacred music. -
Franz Peter Schubert, known as Franz Schubert, was an Austrian composer of the early Romantic period and, at the same time, a continuator of the classical sonata following the model of Ludwig van Beethoven. -
Louis Hector Berlioz fue un compositor francés y figura destacada del romanticismo. Su obra más conocida es la Sinfonía fantástica, estrenada en 1830. -
Felix Mendelssohn, whose full name was Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy, was a German composer, conductor, and pianist of Romantic music, a member of the same family as the pianist and composer Fanny Mendelssohn and the philosopher Moses Mendelssohn. -
Frédéric François Chopin was a French-Polish composer, virtuoso pianist, and teacher, considered one of the most important in history and one of the greatest representatives of musical romanticism, who wrote mainly for solo piano. -
Robert Schumann was a 19th-century German composer, pianist, and music critic, considered one of the most important and representative composers of the Romantic era. Schumann abandoned his law studies to pursue a career as a virtuoso pianist. -
Franz Liszt was an Austro-Hungarian Romantic composer, virtuoso pianist, conductor, piano teacher, arranger, and Franciscan layman. His Hungarian name was Liszt Ferencz, according to modern usage Liszt Ferenc, and from 1859 to 1865 he was officially known as Franz Ritter von Liszt. -
Wilhelm Richard Wagner was a German composer, conductor, poet, essayist, playwright, and music theorist of the Romantic era. His operas are particularly noteworthy, in which, unlike other composers, he also wrote the libretto and designed the sets. -
Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi was an Italian Romantic opera composer, one of the most important of all time. His work bridges the gap between the bel canto of Rossini, Bellini, and Donizetti, and the verismo movement and Puccini. -
Clara Wieck, conocida como Clara Schumann, fue una pianista, compositora y profesora de piano alemana. Fue una de las grandes concertistas europeas del siglo XIX y su carrera fue clave en la difusión de las composiciones de su marido, Robert Schumann. -
Bedřich Smetana fue un compositor, pianista y director de orquesta checo, ampliamente reconocido como el padre de la música nacionalista checa. Fue pionero en incorporar elementos del folclore checo y la lengua checa en sus óperas, estableciendo una identidad musical nacional en un momento de búsqueda de independencia de Bohemia. -
Johannes Brahms was a German Romantic composer, pianist, and conductor, considered the most classical of the composers of that period. Born into a Lutheran family, he spent much of his professional life in Vienna. -
Modest Músorgski fue un compositor ruso, integrante del grupo de «Los Cinco». Entre sus obras destacan la ópera Borís Godunov, el poema sinfónico Una noche en el Monte Pelado y la suite para piano Cuadros de una exposición. Músorgski fue un innovador de la música rusa en el período romántico. -
Piotr Ilich Chaikovski fue un compositor ruso del período del Romanticismo. Es autor de algunas de las obras de música clásica más famosas del repertorio actual, como los ballets El lago de los cisnes -
Antonín Leopold Dvořák fue un compositor posromántico natural de Bohemia —territorio entonces perteneciente al Imperio austríaco—, uno de los primeros compositores checos en lograr el reconocimiento mundial y uno de los grandes compositores de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. -
Edvard Hagerup Grieg, citado comúnmente como Edvard Grieg, fue un compositor y pianista noruego, considerado uno de los principales representantes del Romanticismo tardío. -
Nikolái Andréievich Rimski-Kórsakov fue un compositor, director de orquesta y pedagogo ruso miembro del grupo de compositores conocido como Los Cinco -
Giacomo Antonio Domenico Michele Secondo Maria Puccini, better known simply as Giacomo Puccini, was an Italian opera composer, considered among the greatest, of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He was a visionary, creator of the musical concepts that would govern cinema during the 20th century. -
Hugo Filipp Jakob Wolff was an Austrian composer of Slovenian origin who lived in Vienna during the late 19th century. An enthusiastic follower of Richard Wagner, he became involved in the disputes that existed in Vienna at that time between Wagnerians and formalists or Brahmsians. -
Gustav Mahler was an Austro-Bohemian composer and conductor whose works, along with those of Richard Strauss, are considered among the most important of the post-Romantic period. In the first decade of the 20th century, Gustav Mahler was one of the most important conductors and opera directors of his time. -
Achille Claude Debussy was a French composer, one of the most influential of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Some consider him the first Impressionist composer, although he categorically rejected the term. -
Jean Sibelius fue un destacado compositor y violinista finlandés, considerado el máximo exponente de la música clásica de su país y una figura fundamental del posromanticismo europeo. Su obra, que incluye siete sinfonías y famosos poemas sinfónicos como Finlandia, ayudó a forjar la identidad nacional finlandesa. -
Arnold Schönberg fue un compositor, teórico musical y pintor austriaco de origen judío. Desde que emigró a los Estados Unidos, en 1934, adoptó el nombre de Arnold Schoenberg, y así es como suele aparecer en las publicaciones en idioma inglés y en todo el mundo. -
Joseph Maurice Ravel was a 20th-century French composer. His work, often associated with Impressionism, along with that of his contemporary Claude Debussy, also displays a bold Neoclassical style. -
Manuel de Falla y Matheu was a Spanish composer of musical nationalism, one of the most important of the first half of the 20th century, along with Isaac Albéniz, Enrique Granados, Joaquín Turina and Joaquín Rodrigo, and one of the most important Spanish composers of all time. -
Béla Viktor János Bartók, known as Béla Bartók, was a Hungarian musician who distinguished himself as a composer, pianist, and researcher of Eastern European folk music. He is considered one of the greatest composers of the 20th century. -
Ígor Fiódorovich Stravinski fue un compositor y director de orquesta ruso y uno de los músicos más importantes y trascendentales del siglo XX. Su larga vida le permitió conocer gran variedad de corrientes musicales. -
Joaquín Turina Pérez was a Spanish composer and musicologist, a leading figure of Spanish nationalism in the first half of the 20th century. He and Manuel de Falla, along with Isaac Albéniz, composed some of the most important works of Impressionism in Spain. His most significant works include Danzas fantásticas and La procesión del Rocío. -
Zoltán Kodály was a prominent Hungarian musician whose musical style first went through a post-Romantic-Viennese phase and then evolved into its main characteristic: the mixture of folklore and complex 20th-century harmonies, shared with Béla Bartók. -
Heitor Villa-Lobos fue un director de orquesta y compositor brasileño. Su música estuvo influida tanto por la música folclórica brasileña como por la música clásica europea. Recibió cierta instrucción musical de su padre -
George Gershwin fue un músico, compositor y pianista estadounidense. Su música se caracteriza por combinar la música clásica y el jazz -
Olivier Messiaen fue un compositor, organista, pedagogo y ornitólogo francés, uno de los músicos más destacados de toda la centuria -
Pierre Henri Marie Schaeffer fue un compositor francés. Es considerado el creador de la música concreta. Es autor del libro titulado Tratado de los objetos musicales, en donde expone toda su teoría sobre este tipo de música -
John Milton Cage Jr., artísticamente John Cage, fue un compositor, teórico musical, artista y filósofo estadounidense. Pionero de la música aleatoria, de la música electrónica y del uso no estándar de instrumentos musicales, Cage fue una de las figuras principales de la vanguardia de posguerra. -
Pierre Henry fue un músico francés, considerado como el creador, junto con Pierre Schaeffer, de la llamada música concreta y uno de los padrinos de la música electroacústica -
Philip Glass es un compositor de música clásica minimalista estadounidense. Estudió en la Juilliard School de Nueva York. Su reconocimiento internacional aumentó desde la aparición de su ópera Einstein on the Beach