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The printing press makes writing faster. By doing this, it spreads literacy rates all throughout Europe.
A machine for printing text or pictures from type or plates. -
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The Ottoman Empire takes over the Byzantine Empire. Sultan Mehmed II leads this and helps them officially take over.
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English and Welsh ruling house that reigned in England. Ended after there was no heir to the throne after Queen Elizabeth I died in 1603.
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Columbus sets out to find route to markets in Asia and accidentally finds America.
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Alhambra Decree: Law from King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella ordering all practicing all Jews to either convert to Catholicism or leave their kingdoms. This takes place after the Jews get the blame for the Black Plague.
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Kind Ferdinand and Queen Isabella take over Granada over Moorish (Muslim) and Jewish territory. This took place over centuries, finally finishing, moving forward with forced conversion of the Moorish and the Jews.
Reconquista: Reconquer -
This painting shows how Humanism has come to Europe through his art and Renaissance style.
Michelangelo: Italian artist -
Martin Luther publishes his book about Christianity. This leads to the Protestant Reformation.
Martin Luther: German Preist
95 Theses: Book about how Christian Faith needs to be around God himself, not through the church payments and work.
Protestant Reformation: The break of religious unity in Europe -
Emporer Charles V commences that Luther is outlawed from the Catholic Church because of his writings.
Diet of Worms: Trial about Martin Luther's "95 Theses" -
The Prince: Machiavelli talks about his beliefs as a person in power, how fear is better than love when you are in his position.
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Parliament passed that allows Henry VIII to become the supreme head of the Church of England.
Act of Supremacy: Legislative act that declares a monarch the Supreme Head or Governor of the Church within their own realm.
Anglican Church: Global Christian communion with its roots in the Church of England -
This book proposes new ideas in science that hadn't been thought of before.
Copernicus: Polish astronomer -
Council of Trent: Catholic Reformation that reaffirms Catholic beliefs and traditions
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Treaty passes that ends conflict between two religions.
Peace of Ausburg: Treaty within the Holy Roman Empire that ended religious conflict between Catholics and Lutherans by allowing rulers to choose either Catholicism or Lutheranism as the official religion of their state
Cuius regio, eius religio: Whose realm, his religion -
A targeted group of assassinations and a wave of Catholic mob violence directed against the Huguenots during the French Wars of Religion that killed 5,000 to 30,000.
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War between Henry of Navvare, Henry III of France, and Henry I of Lorraine. War ends with Henry of Navvare winning.
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The English defeated the Spanish Armada in a decisive naval battle at Gravelines.
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King Henry IV grants substantial religious and civil liberties to the Huguenots (French Protestants) in a nation still overwhelmingly Catholic.
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- Defenestration of Prague: Protestants throw out leaders in the Catholic Church.
- Peace of Westphalia: Treaties signed that extended rights of Calvinists 1) Bohemian 2) Danish 3) Swedish 4) French
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- Royalists (Charles I) vs. Parliamentarians (Oliver Cromwell)
- Ends with execution of Charles I and establishment of the Commonwealth
- Order of the Cromwell Burger
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"Without regret"
- Leads into the French Revolution -
James II replaced by William III and Mary II (Protestant monarchs invited by Parliament)
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- Limits the power of the monarchy; establishes constitutional monarchy
- Locke's Two Treatises on Government published
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Series of treaties that made changes to France; including throne, territory, and economy.
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War gives Austrian power to Maria Theresa
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Diderot gets chance to write an encyclopedia in Marie Antoinette's castle in exchange for talking/trading information with each other.
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- Frederick the Grate, Louis XV, Maria Theresa, and George III
- Ends with the Treaty of Paris
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Era showing a shift from hand done work to machinery
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- Russia
- Comes to power after coup d'etat
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Biggest revolt in a series of revolts after Catherine the Great takes power.
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Adam Smith publishes "On the Wealth of Nations"
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Haitians revolt against the French for freedom of their slavery, eventually winning and being freed. (This would later be undone by Napoleon)
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- Triggered under Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
- Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen
- Storming of Bastille
- National Assembly
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Execution of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
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Ends French Revolution; begins Consulate
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Napoleon crowns himself as leader following the revolution
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Ends after Napoleon takes over parts of Europe.
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Conference after the death of Napoleon.
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- Napoleon defeated by Duke of Wellington
- Congress of Viena (led by Prince Matternich) restores conservative order.
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Metternich takes rule.
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Massacre that occurred on protesters.
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Laws passed under Klemens von Metternich
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Napoleon III of France dies of infection.
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Failed revolt, due to lack of leadership.
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- Takes place in France.
- Due to political policies.
- Charles X overthrown; Louis-Philippe becomes "Citizen King".
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- Takes place in France and Belgium.
- Also against Charles X.
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- Also known as The Representation of the People Act 1832
- Expansion of voting rights
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- Inspired by liberal, nationalist, and socialist ideas.
- Most revolutions fail; conservative regims restored.
- Metternich removed on March 31.
- Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish 'Communist Manifesto'
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- Russia vs. Ottoman Empire, Britain, and France.
- First modern war with war correspondents and photography.
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War between France and Austria during the Austrian Expansion
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Scientific discovery, and improvements to machinery from the first industrial revolution.
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- Led by Cavour (Piedmont) and Garibaldi (Redshirts)
- Moving the states into more unity or combination
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Takes place during the aftermath of Russia losing the Crimean War.
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Between Austria and Prussia for land during Prussian expansion
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- Prussia led by Otto von Bismarck
- France led by Napoleon III Ends in German unification under Kaiser Wilhelm I
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Coming to terms at the end of Russian, Austria-Hungary, and Italian wars -
New alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy -
- Organized by Otto von Bismarck to reulate African colonization.
- 90% of Africa is colonized.
- Organized by Otto von Bismarck to reulate African colonization.
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Alfred Dreyfus made hurtful remarks, the public finds out. -
3 major parts
- Bloody Sunday Protests in Russia
- Russian loss in Russo-Japanese War
- Under Tsar Nicholas II; leads to creation of Duma (federal assembly) -
New alliance between Russia, Britain, and France. -
Conflict between Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire over bringing Bosnia and Herzegovina into the Dual Monarchy. -
Two short conflicts in 1912–1913 where Balkan nations take the Ottoman Empire out of most of its European territory and then fight among themselves over what's left.
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A revolutionary group, Young Bosnia, shot him in hopes to end Austria-Hungary power over Bosnia and Herzegovina.