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Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children (PARC) v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
This case resulted in a landmark decision affirming the right of children with intellectual disabilities to receive a public education. It set a precedent for guaranteeing education rights for students with disabilities. -
Brown v. Board of Education
The Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. Although this decision primarily addressed racial segregation, it became a cornerstone for inclusion movements, inspiring efforts to ensure equal access to education for students with disabilities. Timetoast -
Elementary and Secondary Education
Signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson, this act aimed to provide federal funding to schools serving disadvantaged students. It laid the groundwork for later amendments supporting special education programs.
Image: Photo of President Lyndon B. Johnson signing the act. -
Mills v. Board of Education
This case expanded the rights established in PARC v. Pennsylvania to all students with disabilities, emphasizing the need for free and appropriate public education (FAPE). It reinforced the requirement for individualized plans. -
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act
Prohibited discrimination against individuals with disabilities in any program receiving federal funding, including schools. It set the stage for equal access to accommodations and support. -
Education for All Handicapped Children Act
This federal law mandated that all public schools receiving federal funds must provide equal access to education for children with disabilities. It introduced Individualized Education Programs (IEPs) and the concept of least restrictive environments (LRE). Timetoast -
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
This comprehensive civil rights law expanded protections for individuals with disabilities, ensuring they had equal access to public spaces, including schools. It complemented IDEA and Section 504 -
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
This law replaced the Education for All Handicapped Children Act, ensuring that children with disabilities received services to support their education. It emphasized inclusion and access to general education classrooms. -
No Child Left Behind Act
Focused on accountability and high standards for all students, including those with disabilities. Schools were required to track the progress of students in special education programs.