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The Renaissance was a time of art and learning in Europe. People studied nature and humans. Artists like Leonardo and Michelangelo created famous works. It was a rebirth of ideas from ancient Greece and Rome
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Brunelleschi built a big dome in Florence. It was very new for the time. The dome became a symbol of the Renaissance. It showed how art and science could work together to make something beautiful and strong -
Michelangelo made the Pietà when he was young. It shows Mary holding Jesus after his death. The sculpture is made of marble and looks very real. It shows sadness but also peace and beauty. -
Raphael painted this in the Vatican. It shows many famous Greek thinkers like Plato and Aristotle. The picture is about knowledge and learning. It is one of the best examples of Renaissance art -
Neoclassical art looked back to ancient Greece and Rome. It was clear, calm, and simple. Artists like Jacques-Louis David painted heroes and strong moral stories. It came after the Baroque style
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Carlos I ruled Spain and many other lands. He fought in Europe and America. During his reign, Spain became a very strong empire. He was also called Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
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People in Castile protested against high taxes and royal power. The cities wanted more rights. The revolt failed, and the king kept control. It showed the wish for freedom
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This peace ended fights between Catholics and Protestants in Germany. It said that each prince could choose the religion of his land. It was important for religious freedom in Europe -
Felipe II was a serious king who ruled from Madrid. He built El Escorial and defended the Catholic faith. Under him, Spain had great power, but wars cost much money
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The Dutch fought Spain for freedom. The war lasted a long time, with many battles. In the end, the Netherlands became an independent country
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Muslims living in southern Spain rebelled against King Felipe II. They wanted to keep their culture and religion. The king won, and many rebels were sent away from Spain
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This was the start of the Netherlands. Northern provinces joined together to fight Spain. It created a free and independent Dutch state -
The Union of Arras joined southern provinces of the Netherlands with Spain. They stayed loyal to the king. It was part of the long Eighty Years’ War -
Spain sent ships to attack England. The English navy won the battle. The defeat made England stronger and Spain weaker on the sea -
Baroque art started in the 1600s. It used light, color, and movement to show emotion. Artists like Bernini and Velázquez made people feel drama and power. It often showed religion or kings
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Bernini made a marble statue showing the myth of Apollo and Daphne. When Apollo touches her, she turns into a tree. The sculpture looks full of movement and life -
Bernini designed Saint Peter’s Square in Rome. It is very big and has many columns. It welcomes people who visit the church. It is an example of Baroque art -
This painting shows women working with wool. It mixes real life and mythology. Velázquez used light and shadow very well. It is a Baroque masterpiece -
This painting shows three brothers making an oath to defend Rome. It has strong lines and simple colors. It represents duty and honor, ideals of Neoclassical art -
Goya painted the Spanish royal family. He showed them in a realistic way, not idealized. The painting mixes respect and hidden criticism of the monarchy