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a period of transition in europe between de XV century and the XVI century, this period also marks the beggining of the modern ages and the end of middle ages.
this new cultural movment starts due to a new mentality: humanisism, in the paints of this periods we can see this caracteristics
realism and naturalism: the artist wanted to show people things that were real and that represented humans behaviour- the human was the most important thing in the pices of art (humanism)
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built by brunellenschi, the dome of Santa Maria de Fiore is known for being the bigest dome built with bricks and stone, considered the biggest domme built after the fall of the roman empire.
Brunellenschi didnt used exact plans to build it, even now a days we dont konw how did he do it, because he keep the way he build the dome in secreet, son no body could copy him, he was a genious because no body at those ages knew how to build a dome as big as this one with out collapsibg the estructure -
pieta by michelangelo is a marmol sculpture sculpted between 1498 and 1499 it is exposed at vatican city at the san peters basillica.
in this sculpture we can see the virgin Maria holding the death body of jesus crist after his cruxifixion, this sculpture was commissioned by the cardenal of Saint Denis: Jean Bilhères de Lagraulas, as he died 2 days before the sculpture was finished, it was located at his grabe in Chapel of Saint Petronilla and between 1749 1750 was moved to san peters basillic -
beeing one of the most iconic paintings of the renacentist italian paintor Rafael Sainzo,exposed at vatican city, the first sketches were drown during 1509 and 1510 and the original painting was drawn between 1510 1512 it represents de philosophy, or at least the ancient greek philosophy, we can see great philosophers as an example: platon aristotles at the centre of the picture, pitagoras and one side and more.
In fact Platon has the face of leonardo da vinci heraclito has migelangels one -
He was son of the king "Philip the beautiful" Juana I of castilla: Charles I of sapain Carlos V of the Holy Roman Empire, he was nicknamed "the cesar" because during his reign he was one of the most powerfull monarchs allso he gained the nickname “Charles V, Emperor of the World” this due to his empire were the where the sun never set(territories in africa, europe america) It made Spain the first great world power of the 16th century.
finally in 1556 he abdicated in 1558 died at Cáceres -
it was an armed conflict that happend due to this factors
people werent happy with Carlos I: he wasnt born at spain (he talked very little spanish)
also due to excesive taxes and because he weaken the cortes
So in 1520 cities as Sevilla,Toledo Valladolid revolted the formed kind of self government called Santa Junta
the conflict finished with the capture execution of the main lidders,Juan de Padilla, Juan Bravo Francisco Maldonado
as consecuence Castilla lost part of autonomic policies -
the peace of Ausburg was a treaty between Fernando I of Hasburg(brother and representant of Carlos )and the impreial states, with the prupose of solving the religious conflivt about the protestant reform, also as consecuences of these treaty, were that lutheranism was recognised and also, the loose of the imperial strong over the princes, spain also suferd some consecuences, withe the abdication of carlos v a year after these tretay -
He is well known by being the king who led the bigest spain he had controll in Europe, Asia, America and Africa, during his reign, he did and led many important battles and religious isues as:
the battle of lepanto in 1571, the spanish fleet and the holy league defeated the ottoman empire stoping their extension through meditrerranenan.
also he faught against the reformation and defended the counter-reformation.
with him we can see that during his reign, spain was at its most explendour time. -
a rebellion leaded by Aben Humeya who was proclaimed king of the moriscos. this rebellion started because someted to very strict laws that banned their language,clothes, and traditions after reconquista they were descriminated so this rebellion was;
Aben Humeya vs Don John of Austria (Felipe II halfbrother
the rebellion ended with the victory of Don John of Austria and many moriscos where killed or deported, this shows the determination of felipe II and the defeat of muslim resistance in spain -
As a result of religious tensions, centralization of the Spanish crown and the presence of foreign troops, the 80 years war started. Spain vs rebel provinces. It wasn’t a continuous war: first years were hostile, with revolts and fights common. Then there was a period of mobilization (provinces tried to join revolts). In the middle there was a 12-year truce. Finally they continued the war and finished it with the Peace of Münster: Spain was defeated and just kept the regions at south
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an agrement betwen several provinces from north of netherlands
the main things they wanted to achieve with this agrement was, creating a defensive aliance against spain, mantain their opinion about religion (protestants) cordinates their armies.
it took place after the pacification of Ghent:attempt to uniffy provinces
this aliance was trascendental for some important events, because it marks the birth of an independent deutch state it is considered some times the constitution of neatherlands -
The union of arras was an agreement signed in the city of arras located at the noth of the actual france.
since 1566 Netherlands had constante revolts agains spain(80 years war)
causes
represions against the calvinists
high imposed taxes
there was no autonomic policy
this is what they acorded:
expulsion of the foreign troops
catolithism was the religion calvinism must be pursued -
In 1588 Felipe II organiced imbencible armada, with 130 ships, the objective was to conquere england.
so in may 1588 the ships left lisboa, but due to the climate and a bad organization the plans didnt turn out as they wanted, the english navy used lighter ships with high reach cannons to, and due to storms from the north they had to surround scotland ireland so many ships shipwrecked.
less than half of the ships came back home
this was an incredible defeat for spain
strengthened england. -
it was a period of the occidental culture originated by a new style of art "the baroque".
this new style produced pices of art in all artistic ways (literature, architecture, sculpture, painting, music, dance, theater...) This phenomenon could be seen especially in occidental europ countyes and due to colonialism later in many colonies of iberoamerica -
Apollo and Daphne is an sculpture made by de italian Gian Lorenzo Bernini:
The sculpture represents the greek mith:
the sculpture has a deep histry, the methamorphosis of daphne transforming into a tree of bay, Apollo is the good of the sun representing the wish, and in the other hand we have daphne representing pureness and liberty this sculpture is exposed in the Borghese Gallery, Rome, Italy. -
Piazza San Pietro is located in front of the St. Peter's Basilica at vatican city, this square is a great example of baroque urbanism and arquitecture, it was designed by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, it was encharged by the pope Alexander VII to conect the basillica with the rest of the city, the techniques used to build it are perfect, if you stand in one of the points in the flor with a rounded flor The four rows of columns of the portico seem to align that there is only one row -
in this paint we can see the representation of the greek mith of arcane and the god Atenea, this paint shows very good the techniques used in the baroque art, he used an oleo technique.
the paint can be visited now a days in the National Prado Museum.
the mith is about a young, preatty girl that said he was beter than atenea goddess of art so she challenged her to a knitting contest, atenea in his pice showed the errors of the gods so atenea was furious and transformed her into a spidder -
originated durig the XVIII century as counter measure against the excess of baroque an rococo art, its so impulsed by the admiration for the clasical ancient period(greco-roman culture) this kind of art has a lot of caracteristics, but this are some of theme:
talking about painting it uses cold smooth colors, it has defined lines
normally talks about clasic miths.
talking about sculpture
it has smooth polished superfices
an idealiced body inspired in greco-roman models equilibrated poses -
From the french paintor jacques louis david this is a well recognised pice of art from de neoclasic culture,
It represents a leyend from the ancient rome culture; thre brothers the hours swearing before his father to fight to the death against the Curiatii of Alba Longa
what it wants to represents is commitment to the country and the duty to fight, even above family ties.
this paint now a days is exhibited at the Louvre museum in Paris (France) -
at this paint all the familly apears, with the intention of enhance the figure of María Luisa who is with his arm on the shoulders of the infanta María Isabel and taking the hand of the Infante Don Francisco de Paula wich at the same time is taking kings hand at the left we can see a young image of Fernando VII and more important people as María Luisa, Carlos Luis as a baby and the brother and sister of the king, the paint is exposed at prado museum and you can even see 5 original drafts