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Like a typewriter
Raised literacy rates, especially among poor
Both info and false info is spread quicker
Books are cheaper and more accessible. -
Fall of Constantinople: capture of the Byzantine's capital
End of the Byzantine Empire -
Royal house that ruled England
Henry VII to Elizabeth I
Starting with War of the Roses to Elizabeth's death without an heir -
God, Gold, Glory
Trying to find India, landed in America
Beneficial for Europe, devastating for Natives -
Granada: last standing Muslim stronghold in the Iberian Peninsula
Fell to Spain (the United Christian Kingdoms of Castile- Ferdinand, and Aragon- Isabella)
Christian Dominance -
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain
All Jews had until the end of July to leave the country or convert to Catholicism -
Completion
In the Vatican
Humanism -
They wanted a reform in the Roman Catholic Church.
This included equal distributions of power
Resulted in a lot of wars
Major religious and political changes -
Martin Luther: Catholic who physically posted his 95 Thesus on a church door, critiquing the Roman Catholic Church
Ex: critiques "indulgences", which is church leaders accepting payment to pay for sins
Luther was excommunicated from the Church
This led to the Protestant Reformation -
Church gathered Luther to an audience and asked him
-Was he the author of the 25 works before them?
-Would he now recant the false teachings in them?
Luther gave a speech and said he wouldn't recant his works -
How to stay in power
Your people should fear you, not love you
Have to be ruthless and immoral sometimes -
Declared King Henry VIII as the Supreme Head of the Church of England
Break from Papal authority
Anglican Church (branch of Protestant) -
Copernicus: Polish astronomer
New model of the cosmos that placed the Sun, not the Earth, at the center of the universe -
In response to the Protestant Reformation
Meeting -
Treaty that ended the religious war between Catholics and Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire
Allowed each Prince to decide if there territory is Catholic or Lutheran
Recognizes "Cuius regio, eius religio" (Whose realm, his religion) -
Targeted series of killing orchestrated by the French monarchy to eliminate Huguenot leaders to stabilize Catholicism -
King Henry III of France: supported by royalists and politiques
King Henry of Navarre: heir to French throne leader of the Huguenots, supported by Elizabeth I of England and the Protestant princes of Germany
Henry of Lorraine: Duke of Guise, leader of the Catholic League, supported by Philip II of Spain -
Spanish Armada: fleet of ships sent by Spain to invade England
Part of it was that he wanted to restore the Roman Catholic faith in England.
Philip II of Spain
VS
Elizabeth I of England -
Granted religious tolerance and equality to the Huguenots (French Protestants) and ended the French Wars of Religion -
Bohemian
Danish
Swedish
French
4 Phases (BDSF) -
Political/religious figures thrown out of window -
Royalists- divine right of the Monarch (Supporters of Charles I)
.VS.
Parliamentarians- anti divine right (led by Oliver Cromwell) -
Treaties to end 30 Years War
Brought temporary peace -
For being an unjust leader
Establishment of the Commonwealth (reformation under Oliver Cromwell
Cromwell Burger: James I, etc. -
-
Limited nobility power
"I am the state"
Spends too much money -
James II (Catholic) replaced by William III and Mary II
Protestant monarchs invited by Parliament
Shift toward Constitutional monarch -
Limits the power of the monarchy, establishes Constitutional Monarchy (king queen, but limited by constitution) -
John Locke- enlightened
Political philosophy arguing for natural rights -
Treaty of Utrecht: Agreement between Britain and France
Spanish Succession: war over European balance of power (sparked by death of childless Charles Habsburg) -
Conflict caused by Emperor Charles's death (who will take the Austrian Habsburg throne?)
Also economic and territorial
8 years
Maria Theresa -
Maria Theresa: Habsburg, married Louis XIV, died at Versailles from illness
-
Denis Diderot- Enlightened
Aided by Catherine the Great -
Fight over North American Indian land claims
Frederick the Great: Prussia
Louis XV: France
Maria Theresa
George III: Britain
Ends with Treaty of Paris (Britain gets a lot of land) -
Machines such as steam-powered
Designs to reduce labor
Factories like textile mills -
Russian empress
Modernized Russia during Enlightenment
Expand territory, promote art education
Punished serfs after they rebelled -
Rallied peasants, promised serfs land freedom
Various social and ethnic groups
Wanted social change -
Inspired by Enlightenment ideals
American independence from Britain Europe
Adam Smith (student professor) publishes
"On the Wealth of the Nation" (what makes a nation wealthy?) -
Triggered under Louis XVI Marie Antoinette Causes: Estate system, absolutism, Enlightenment ideas, food shortages, inspo from American Revolution Declaration of the Rights of Man Citizen (rights such as freedom, ownership, security, resistance)
Storming of the Bastille (Parisian revolutionaries storm royal fortress/prison) National Assembly: formed by the Third Estate to dismantle absolutism (government draft) -
Enslaved people
Against French colonial rule
Defeated French, British, Spanish -
30,000 people executed for supposedly opposing the French Revolution Robespierre: member of the 3rd estate, advocate Committee of Public Safety: defend new republic against foreign invasion and internal rebellion Marie Antoinette Louis XVI executed -
Ends French Revolution, begins:
Consulate: top-level government
Established himself as leader of government while not declaring himself head of state -
Not Emperor of France, but of the French people
In front of the Pop -
Napoleon pressured Emperor Francis II of HRE to step down -
Austria's political dominance
Restore peace, resolve arguments
Anti-liberal -
Battle of Waterloo: end of Napoleonic wars + his reign
Napoleon defeated by Duke of Wellington (political figure military general) -
Restore stability monarchies after Napoleon's defeat
Led by:
Prince Metternich: foreign Minister of Austria, against liberal nationalist movement
Restores conservative order
Split up land -
Censor publications
Suppress political opinions
Bannings persecutions
Adopted by German Confederation -
60,000 peaceful demonstrators gathered to hear pro-Democracy speakers
Want justice and the right to vote, anti-poverty
Army trampled them
18 deaths, 700 injuries -
After defeat, sent to exile
Died 6 years later -
Russia nobility trying to overthrow Tsar Nicholas I
Goal: fore him to read Manifesto that said that he must step down from the throne and that they were formally overthrowing the gov
Wanted: civil rights, Constitution, -
France
Charles X overthrown, Louis-Phillipe becomes "Citizen King" -
France Belgium
Want liberty, more rights -
Gave vote to middle class men (not working men)
British Parliament -
Russia vs Ottoman Empire, Britain, and France
First modern war with war correspondents and photography -
-Inspired by liberal, nationalist, and socialist ideas
-Most revolutions fail; conservative regimes restored
-Metternich removed on March 31st
-Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish Communist Manifesto -
2nd Italian War of Independence
Italian Unification, Nationalism, get rid of control
French Sardinia against Austria
Austrians defeated -
Iron, Steel, Railroads, Bessemer Process
Lots of labor, inspo from American inventions -
Alexander II: Modernization, reforms to judicial and military systems -
Led By:
1) Camillo di Cavour: Prime Minister of Sardinia-Piedmont, establish Constitutional monarch
disagreed on republic or monarchy
2) Giuseppe Garibaldi: leader of the Redshirts (volunteer army), patriotic fight-skilled republican -
Seven Weeks War
Tension over control between 2 provinces
Reducing Austrian influence over Northern German states -
Led by Otto Von Bismarck: Conservative, Machiavellian, united German states under Prussian rule
France under Napoleon III: reassert French rule, nationalism End in German Unification under Kaiser Wilhelm I: granted title of German Emperor, leaves a lot of affairs to Bismarck -
Bulgarian Independence Reorganization -
Against France and Russia -
Organized by Bismarck to regulate African colonization
90% of African continent colonized -
Accused of betraying France by spilling war secrets through a note to German people
He was innocent
His handwriting was similar to the note, and Anti-Semetic people ran with it
Emile Zola:Famous novelist, argues to the French president that Dreyfus’ whole case was unfair and has no evidence
This event will help establish Zionist Movement: Supports a Jewish state in Israel
Jewish people look for a homeland in Israel -
Bloody Sunday Protests in Russia
Russian loss in Russo-Japanese War
Under Tsar Nicholas II (made decisions bad for civilians and soldiers, last Tsar of Russia), leads to creation of Duma (Russia's first elected Parliament) -
Great Britain, France, Russia
AGAINST
Alliance: Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary -
Austria-Hungary announced they were adding Bosnia and Herzegovina as territories (formerly part of Ottoman Empire) -
Balkan Leagues against Ottoman Empire
Took almost all of the Ottoman Empire's land in Europe -
Heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne
Outbreak of World War I