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The defenestration of Prague (when a guy was thrown out of a window) was what officially kicked off the thirty years war.
Phases of the 30 year war:
1. Bohemian revolt
2. Danish
3. Swedish
4. Franco-Swedish
The war concludes with the Peace of Westphalia establishing religious tolerance. -
Royalist (Supporters of Charles I) vs. Parliamentarians (Supporters of Oliver Cromwell) Ends with the execution of Charles I shocking the world by watching a kings head roll along with establishing the commonwealth.
Order of rule:
1. James I
2. Charles I
3. Oliver Cromwell
4. Charles II
5. James II
6. William III of Orange -
King Louis XIV, or rather known as the Sun King, is the best example of an absolutist monarch. Centralizing the french power, building the place in Versailles, and conquer territory just to expand his overgrowing power and dominance. -
James II is replace by Williams III and Mary II, who were protestant. Parliament did this to strip the power from the monarch. There were no casualties during this revolution. -
Limits the monarchy by establishing a constitutional monarchy. John Locke publishes his book Two Treatises of Government which was a foundational work of political philosophy that argues for natural rights. This book influences modern day democracy. -
This ends the War of Spanish Succession. Ensuring that the French and Spanish crowns stay separate. -
Maria Theresa was the only female Hapsburg to rule. Theresa stabilized the economy while strengthening her bureaucracy and military. The Austrian Succession established Maria the right to Austria while challenging the coalition between France, Prussia, and Bavaria. -
A book with the goal to compile all of human knowledge. This book changed the way people thought by promoting secularism, reason, and challenging traditional authority, making it a cornerstone of the Enlightenment. -
A war that shifted the balance of power in Europe but costed a lot of money for the french.
Fredrick the Great: Prussia
Louis XV: France
Maria Theresa: Austria
George III: Britain
This war ends with the treaty of Paris by establishing British dominance over France due to it ceding its mainland North American territories. -
Catherine's rule marked an era of reformation and change for Russia. She modernized the military and westernized Russian culture. -
With urbanization on the ride systems like the factory and hand built steam machines were rapidly adopted. British economy boomed while society rapidly shifted from an agricultural country to an industrial country. -
Pugachev started a rebellion by raising up a military and naming himself the Tsar of Russia. Catherine the Great put a swift and brutal end to this rebellion but it lived on in the people hearts; eventually inspiring the rise of Communism in Russia. -
The American declaration is heavily inspired by the philosophers of this era which then interns inspires many other areas to rise up and fight their oppressors. Adam Smith publishes "On the Wealth of Nations" that argues that nations grow wealthy through free markets, self-interest, and the division of labor, rather than mercantilist policies focused on gold. -
The revolution was triggered while Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were in power. Some causes were that the masses were starving, there were conspiracies running wild, and commoners were fed up with inequality. A book similar to a bill of rights outlining universal rights like liberty, property, and security, adopted by France's National Constituent Assembly. Bastille was stormed and the heads of the people who ran Bastille were raised on pikes. The National Assembly was the French Third Estate -
One of the only slave revolts that turned out to be successful and found a nation. Freeing themselves from French colonial rule. -
Along with the execution of former king and queen Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette around 50,000 people died at the hands of the Robespierre and around 500,000 were arrested suspected as enemies of the state. -
Napoleon takes advantage of the weak radicals of french government and over throws them with the successful Coup of 18 Brumaire. This allows him to set up the consulate system which further allows him to seize power as first consulate for life. -
Napoleon crowns himself in front of the pope (nontraditional) symbolizing that his authority is above that of the church and pope. -
Napoleon conquers the HRE and turns Germany into a french puppet state. -
Here Napoleon is defeated by the Duke of Wellington. The Congress of Vienna was a major European diplomatic conference led by Austrian statesman Prince Klemens von Metternich, who chaired the meetings and orchestrated the conservative reshaping of Europe after Napoleon's defeat, aiming to restore stability, establish a balance of power, and suppress revolutionary ideals like liberalism and nationalism through the new Concert of Europe system.