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Nomadic hunter-gatherers: They moved according to animal and plant availability.
Stone tools: Such as spear points and knives made of flint, famously Clovis points.
Small family or tribal groups: No large settlements existed. They had knowledge of hunting, plants, animals, and survival techniques.Used fire and temporary shelters, but no permanent structures. -
Location: Oaxaca Valley, southern Mexico. Economy: Farmers of corn and beans; active traders with other regions. Cultural contributions: Built Monte Albán, one of the first planned cities. Created their own writing system and calendar. Organized society with priests, nobles, artisans, and farmers.
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Location: Gulf Coast of Mexico — mainly in Veracruz and Tabasco. Environment: Swampy lowlands with fertile rivers, perfect for farming. Economy: Based on maize, beans, squash, and cacao. Cultural contributions: Known as the “Mother Culture” of Mesoamerica. Created the giant stone heads.