Timeline Ana y Paula

The Epitaph of Siculus

200 BCE

The Epitaph of Siculus is the oldest known complete musical piece, created in the 1st or 2nd century AD. It is inscribed on a marble column over the tomb of his wife Euterpe, near present-day Aydın in Turkey. Although there are older songs, only fragments of them have survived. The author of the epitaph is unknown.

Middle Ages

Period: 476 to 1492

The Middle Ages, also known as the Medieval Period, was the historical period in Europe that began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 and ended with the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453 or with the discovery of America in 1492.

Gregorian chant

800

Gregorian chant is a style of liturgical music of the Catholic Church, developed between the 9th and 11th centuries (800 aC/ 1200 aC). It is characterized by its monophonic melody and is sung a cappella, without instruments. It is in Latin and is used in the Mass and religious rituals. Its name comes from Pope Gregory I, who is associated with its compilation and organization.

Guido of Arezzo

992

Guido of Arezzo (992-1050) was an Italian Benedictine monk and music theorist, fundamental to medieval music. He developed a system of musical notation and a singing method based on the syllables ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la. His treatise Micrologus is the first complete analysis of musical practice, used in monasteries and universities, and is preserved in at least 70 manuscripts. The Catholic Church celebrates his feast day on March 31.

Hildegarda of Bingen

1098

Hildegarda of Bingen (1098-1179) was a German Benedictine abbess and polymath, known as a composer, writer, and mystic of the High Middle Ages. She founded the monasteries of Rupertsberg and Eibingen and is famous for her works of sacred monophony and her treatise on natural history. In 2012, Pope Benedict XVI granted her the title of Doctor of the Church in recognition of her holiness and teachings.

Bernart de Ventadorn

1145

Bernart de Ventadorn (1145-1190) was a renowned troubadour, composer, and poet from the Provence region. He is considered one of the most prominent troubadours of the trobar leu style, which is characterized by its light and melodious tone.

Léonin

1150

Léonin (1150-1201), also known as Magister Leoninus , is one of the first known composers of polyphonic organum, associated with the Notre Dame School. An anonymous English monk, now referred to as Anonymous IV, stated a century after his death that Léonin was the best composer of organum for liturgical purposes, and this is the only surviving written reference to him.

Ars Antiqua

Period: 1150 to 1300

The Ars Antiqua was a key period in European polyphonic music, centered in France and marked by advancements in musical notation. Composers like Léonin and Pérotin developed complex works at the Cathedral of Notre Dame. This style laid the foundations for Western music and paved the way for the Ars Nova in the 14th century.

Pérotin

1155

Pérotin (1155-1238) was a composer of the Ars Antiqua at the Cathedral of Notre Dame, active in the late 12th and early 13th centuries. Known for his contribution to polyphony, his most famous work, "Viderunt omnes,"is notable for its use of independent voices. His work was key in the evolution of medieval music and laid the foundations for polyphony.

Alfonso X de Castilla

1221

Alfonso X de Castilla (1221-1284), known as "the Wise," advanced the Reconquista, dealt with internal uprisings, and promoted cultural development, with highlights such as the Cantigas de Santa María and the work of the School of Translators of Toledo. In 1935, his contributions to astronomy were honored by naming the lunar crater Alphonsus after him.

Guillaume de Machaut

1300

Guillaume de Machaut (1300-1377) was a French cleric, poet, and composer, recognized as a leading figure of the Ars Nova movement and the most prominent composer of the 14th century. He significantly contributed to the motet and secular song and is known for his Messe de Nostre Dame, the first polyphonic mass by a single composer, influencing later music in both sacred and secular contexts.

Ars Nova

Period: 1300 to 1377

The Ars Nova was a musical style of the 14th century in France and Italy, characterized by innovations in rhythmic notation that allowed for more complex rhythms. Composers like Philippe de Vitry and Guillaume de Machaut introduced new forms, such as the isorhythmic motet. This style laid the foundations for Renaissance music.

The Renaissance

Period: 1300 to 1600

The Renaissance was a cultural period that took place between the 14th and 16th centuries, characterized by a renewed interest in the classical culture of ancient Greece and Rome. In music, it was marked by polyphony and harmonic complexity. Composers like Josquin des Prez and Palestrina were key figures. Additionally, it was a time of significant advancements in the arts, science, and literature.

Francesco Landini

1325

Francesco Landini (1325-1397) was an Italian composer, organist, vocalist, poet, instrument maker, and astrologer. He was among the most celebrated and respected composers of the late 14th century and is regarded as the most notable composer in Italy during that period.

Johannes Gutenberg

1397

Johannes Gutenberg (1397-3 February 1468) was a German inventor who developed the modern printing press. His 42-line Bible was the first significant book printed with this method, facilitating the spread of Protestant Reformation ideas. His invention is regarded as a cornerstone of modern history, although details about his life remain scarce.

Juan del Encina

1468

Juan del Encina (1468-1529) was a Spanish composer and writer of the Renaissance, known for his villancicos and romances. He worked in the courts of the Catholic Monarchs and of Navarra, and is recognized as one of the first to integrate music and theater in Spain. His work had a significant impact on vocal music and the development of theater in his time.

Martin Luther

Nov 10, 1483

Martin Luther (10 November 1483-18 February 1546) was a German theologian who triggered the Protestant Reformation in 1517 by publishing his 95 Theses against the practices of the Catholic Church. He argued that salvation is achieved through faith alone and translated the Bible into German, allowing more people direct access to the Scriptures. His ideas founded Lutheranism and profoundly transformed religion and society in Europe.

Discovery of America

Oct 12, 1492

In 1492, Christopher Columbus, a Genoese sailor in the service of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, crossed the ocean and reached some islands in the Caribbean, thinking he was heading to Asia. This journey marked the beginning of European arrival in America.

Cristóbal de Morales

1500

Cristóbal de Morales (1500-1553) was a Spanish Renaissance composer, known for his sacred works, especially masses and motets. His polyphonic approach, influenced by the Italian Renaissance, left a significant mark in his time. He worked in several churches in Spain, and his music had a major impact on liturgical music.

Antonio de Cabezón

1510

Antonio de Cabezón (1510-26 March 1566) was a prominent Spanish composer and organist of the Renaissance, blind from a young age. He served in the courts of Charles I and Philip II, and his keyboard music was innovative and highly influential in Europe. His son Hernando compiled his works in the book Obras de música para tecla, arpa y vihuela.

Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina

1525

Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (1525-2 February 1597) was an Italian Renaissance composer famous for his sacred music and mastery of counterpoint. He was a leading figure of the Roman school, and his works, including masses and motets, remain central to sacred and polyphonic music.

Orlando di Lasso

1532

Orlando di Lasso (c. 1532- 14 June 1594) was a Renaissance composer, famous for his sacred and secular music. He was born in Belgium and worked in Munich as a musical director. With over 2,000 compositions to his name, he was known for his mastery of counterpoint and his ability to express emotions through music.

Maddalena Casulana

1544

Maddalena Casulana (1544-1590) was an Italian composer and singer of the Renaissance, noted for being one of the first women to publish her music under her own name. Her madrigals are admired for their expressiveness and mastery of counterpoint. Her work had a significant influence on the vocal music of her time.

Tomás Luis de Victoria

1548

Tomás Luis de Victoria (1548- 20 August 1611) was a Spanish Renaissance composer, known for his sacred music. His polyphonic style, influenced by Palestrina, is characterized by its intense emotional expression. He composed mainly masses and motets and worked in important religious institutions in Spain.

Giovanni Gabrieli

1554

Giovanni Gabrieli (c. 1554- 12 August 1612) was an Italian composer known for his vocal and instrumental music. He worked at St. Mark's Basilica in Venice, where he innovated by placing musicians in different locations. His compositions, such as motets and canzonas, were key in the transition from the Renaissance to the Baroque and had a significant influence on the music of the time.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Jan 27, 1556

Mozart (was born on January 27, 1756, and he passed away on December 5, 1791.) was an Austrian virtuoso composer, known for his extraordinary talent. He composed over 600 works, including renowned symphonies and operas like "Don Giovanni" and "The Magic Flute." Despite his musical success, he lived in poverty and passed away at the age of 35. Today, he is regarded as one of the most influential composers of all time.

Carlo Gesualdo

Mar 8, 1566

Carlo Gesualdo (8 March 1566-8 September 1613) was an Italian Renaissance composer, known for his madrigals and motets, which stand out for their innovative use of dissonance and abrupt tonal changes. His life was marked by a tragic scandal: he killed his wife and her lover after discovering their infidelity. Although his work was not widely recognized in his time, it later had a significant influence on Baroque music.

Claudio Monteverdi

May 15, 1567

Claudio Monteverdi (15 May, 1567–29 November, 1643) was an Italian composer crucial to the transformation of Baroque music, particularly excelling in opera. His work L'Orfeo marked a milestone in the operatic genre, and he also stood out in sacred and vocal music. Monteverdi integrated Renaissance tradition with new Baroque innovations, leaving a significant impact on the evolution of music.

Baroque

Period: 1600 to 1750

The Baroque was a cultural and artistic period that spanned from the early 17th century to the mid-18th century. This style was characterized by its great expressiveness and decoration, both in the visual arts and in music. In music, genres such as opera, oratorio, and concerto grosso were fundamental, with composers like Bach, Händel, and Vivaldi. The Baroque is known for its strong dynamic contrasts and intense emotional depth.

Giacomo Carissimi

Apr 12, 1605

Giacomo Carissimi ( 12 April, 1605– 12 January, 1674) was an Italian Baroque composer, known for his oratorios, particularly Jephte. His expressive and clear style played a crucial role in the development of the oratorio. He also composed motets, cantatas, and instrumental music, leaving a significant mark on Baroque music.

Barbara Strozzi

1619

Barbara Strozzi (1619–1677) was an Italian Baroque composer and singer, known for her cantatas and arias. Adopted daughter of the poet Giulio Strozzi, she was one of the few women of her time to gain prominence in classical music. Her music is distinguished by its deep emotional expression and vocal talent. Although her legacy was not widely recognized during her lifetime, she is now valued as an essential figure in female Baroque music.

Henry Purcell

Sep 10, 1659

Henry Purcell (10 September, 1659– 21 November, 1695) was an English Baroque composer, famous for his operas, sacred, and vocal music. His most well-known work is the opera Dido and Aeneas. Purcell blended English, Italian, and French musical influences, creating a unique and emotional style. Despite his early death, he left a lasting legacy in British music.

Antonio Vivaldi

Mar 4, 1678

Antonio Vivaldi (4 de marzo de 1678-28 de julio de 1741) was an Italian composer and violinist from the Baroque period, best known for his work "The Four Seasons."He spent much of his career as a teacher at an orphanage in Venice, where he stood out for his violin skills and innovative approach to concertos. His music, which left a significant mark on the Baroque era, was forgotten after his death but was rediscovered in the 20th century, gaining great prestige and recognition in classical music

Stradivarius

1680

A Stradivarius is a musical instrument, typically a violin (they were made between 1680-1737) , made by the Italian luthier Antonio Stradivari. It is famous for its extraordinary sound and aesthetic, and is considered one of the finest and most valuable instruments ever created. Stradivarius instruments are highly sought after by musicians and collectors due to their impeccable craftsmanship and the unique materials used by Stradivari.

Georg Philipp Telemann

Mar 14, 1681

Georg Philipp Telemann ( 14 March, 1681– 25 June, 1767) was a German Baroque composer, known for his extensive work in genres such as operas, oratorios, and instrumental music. His style combined various European influences and was innovative in chamber music. Although highly admired in his time, his legacy was eventually overshadowed by other composers like Bach and Händel.

Georg Friedrich Händel

Feb 23, 1685

Georg Friedrich Händel (23 February 1685–14 April 1759) fue un compositor barroco de origen alemán que adoptó la nacionalidad británica. Es conocido por sus óperas, oratorios y música para diferentes formaciones instrumentales. Entre sus obras más importantes se encuentran El Mesías, Música acuática y Música para los fuegos artificiales reales*. Falleció en Londres y es considerado uno de los compositores más influyentes del barroco.

Johann Sebastian Bach

Mar 31, 1685

Johann Sebastian Bach (March 31, 1685 – July 28, 1750) was a German musician and composer of the Baroque period, known for his mastery of counterpoint and his contribution to both religious and instrumental music. He held key roles as an organist and conductor in various cities, leaving iconic works such as The Well-Tempered Clavier, St. Matthew Passion, and the Brandenburg Concertos. Although his recognition grew after his death, his influence on classical music is immense.

Christoph Willibald Gluck

Jul 2, 1714

Christoph Willibald Gluck (was born on July 2, 1714, and died on November 15, 1787.) was a German composer who transformed opera by seeking greater harmony between music and story. Some of his best-known works are Orfeo ed Euridice and Alceste. His legacy was crucial in the evolution of classical opera and had a significant influence on later composers, such as Mozart.

Joseph Haydn

Mar 31, 1732

Joseph Haydn (was born on March 31, 1732, in Rohrau, Austria, and passed away on May 31, 1809), was a renowned composer, particularly known for his contributions to the symphony and string quartet. Haydn wrote over 100 symphonies and many other works, playing a significant role in shaping classical music. He spent much of his career working for the Esterházy family and influenced composers like Mozart and Beethoven.

Maria Anna Mozart

Jul 30, 1751

Maria Anna "Nannerl" Mozart (was born on July 30, 1751, and passed away on October 29, 1829), was the older 9sister of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and an accomplished musician. Nannerl performed with her brother as a child, but her musical career was overshadowed by his fame. She composed some music, though little of it remains. Later in life, she married and focused on her family.

Ludwing van Beethoven

Dec 17, 1770

Ludwig van Beethoven (was born on December 17, 1770, in Bonn, Germany, and died on March 26, 1827, in Vienna), was a composer who played a crucial role in the transition from the Classical to the Romantic period. Despite becoming deaf, he composed iconic works like "Symphony No. 9" and "Für Elise." His music had a lasting influence on classical music, cementing his legacy as one of history's greatest composers.

The French Revolution

Jul 14, 1789

The French Revolution (1789-1799) was when the people of France rose up against the king, wanting more freedom and equality. After they killed King Louis XVI and went through a lot of chaos, Napoleon Bonaparte took over and changed France.

Franz Schubert

Jan 31, 1797

Franz Schubert (1797- 19/11/1828) was an Austrian composer known for his lieder and instrumental music. He lived in poverty and went unnoticed in his time, but his work gained recognition after his death. He passed away at 31.

Robert Schumann

Jun 8, 1810

Robert Schumann (1810-29/7/1856) was a German composer and pianist. After injuring his hand, he focused on composing and started a music journal. His works are known for their emotion. He struggled with mental health and died at 46, leaving a lasting impact on music.

Johannes Brahms

May 7, 1833

Johannes Brahms (1833-3/4/1897) was a German composer and pianist. He is known for his symphonies and chamber music, blending classical tradition with new ideas. He was a perfectionist and never married. He died at 63, leaving a big impact on music.

Hugo Wolf

Mar 13, 1860

Hugo Wolf (1860-22/2/1903) was an Austrian composer known for his emotional lieder. He studied in Vienna and created expressive songs that reflect deep feelings. He struggled with mental health and died young, but left a lasting impact on vocal music.

Gustav Mahler

Jul 7, 1860

Gustav Mahler (1860-18/5/1911) was an Austrian composer and conductor, known for his profound symphonies. His works weren't fully appreciated during his life but gained recognition after his death. He died at 50, leaving a lasting impact on classical music.

Second World War

Sep 1, 1939

The Second World War (1939-1945) was a global conflict between the Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, Japan) and the Allied Powers (U.S., United Kingdom, Soviet Union). It began with Germany's invasion of Poland. It ended with Germany's surrender in 1945 and Japan's after the atomic bombings. The war caused millions of deaths and led to the start of the Cold War.

Real Madrid's first Champions League

May 13, 1956

Real Madrid won its first European Cup (now known as the UEFA Champions League) in 1956, defeating French team Stade de Reims 4-3 in the final held in Brussels, Belgium. This victory marked the beginning of a golden era for the club, which won the first five editions of the tournament.

The Miracle of the Andes

Oct 13, 1972

On October 13, 1972, a plane carrying a Uruguayan rugby team crashed in the Andes. After days of cold and hunger, the survivors resorted to cannibalism to stay alive. After more than two months, two of them reached a populated area and organized the rescue of the others. Of the 45 passengers, 16 survived.

Berlin Wall

Nov 9, 1989

Berlin Wall fell when the East German government allowed people to cross into West Berlin, marking the end of Germany's division and the collapse of communism in the region.