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Religious revival sparks changes in religious affiliations as Methodism becomes the most popular denomination, inspires social reform as it creates the benevolent empire, and diffuses the idea of spiritual egalitarianism.
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As the first Republican President, Jefferson represents a victory for non-elite to take direct control over the government.
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U.S capital is transferred from Philadelphia to Washinton D.C
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John Marshall’s ruling in Marbury v. Madison creates the power of judicial review, in other words, the right to declare laws passed by Congress unconstitutional.
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In his crowning achievement as president, Jefferson purchases Louisiana from France. The United States nearly doubles in size.
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New Jersey was the last northern state to adopt gradual emancipation of slaves.
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The alliance among Native tribes increases the threat of a Native uprising.
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Robert Fulton establishes the first commercial steamboat along the Hudson River
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Although the act closed the American ports to all foreign trade to maintain American neutrality during the European conflict, it sent the nation into a deep depression instead.
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Congress decides to outlaw the slave trade in the United States, in order to not concede any moral high ground to Britain and in response to the Haitian Revolution.
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War of 1812 sought to prevent alleged British efforts to keep America subjugated and, therefore, foments and strengthens patriotism.
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From memory, Lowell recreates the powered loom used in Manchester, England. Thus, he contributes to the technological industrialization of America.
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Jackson’s victory in the Battle of New Orleans boosts morale, although the battle is carried out after the war had ended.
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Monroe's election marks the death of Federalists.
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Calhoun and Henry Clay promote the American System, that aimed to make America economically independent from Europe and called for a network of roads and canals that connected the nation.
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The crisis over admitting Missouri into the union as a slave state increases tensions between the North and the South.
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John Quincy Adams negotiates with Spain to cede Florida to the United States.
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Compromise admitted Missouri as a slave state, Maine as a free state, and determined slavery for the rest of the Louisiana Territory.
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The arrival of Irish Catholic immigrants fosters nativism.
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Lowell's Mill becomes the first modern American factory as it centralized the process of textile manufacturing under one roof.
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Monroe Doctrine declares that the entire hemisphere is henceforth off-limits to European colonization
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After a corrupt bargain with Henry Clay that circumvented popular sovereignty, John Quincy Adams is elected president.
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The Erie Canal secures New York City’s position as the nation’s largest and most economically important city
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Maryland launches the first long-distance rail line, the Baltimore and Ohio railroad.
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Calhoun argues the doctrine of nullification: states have the right to nullify an act from the federal government. The crisis united the ideas of secession and states’ rights.
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Jackson's election represented the victory of the interest of ordinary Americans (democracy) against the powerful elite.
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Tariffs anger southern states and induce fear that the federal government would attack slavery.
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Congress relocated Indians that lived in the east to the west of the Mississippi River, therefore opening a widespread availability of cheap land for the cultivation of cotton.
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As a consequence of the bloody revolt, the South institutes much stricter slave laws to prevent another slave rebellion.
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American settlers in Mexican Texas opposing Santa Anna's policies began to call for independence from Mexico. Thus, their independence allowed the possibility of its annexation to the United States.
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Cherokee Indians were forced to travel from Georgia to present-day Oklahoma, with many dying along the way.
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NEA mobilizes a partially successful movement to limit workdays to ten hours across all industries.
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Labor activism demands limits for child labor based on age, working hours, and assurance of schooling.
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Samuel Morse created the first telegraph line, thus revolutionizing communication.
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Tyler's official offer to annex Texas is accepted, and thus Texas becomes the 28th state.
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As a result of the war, the United States gained lands that would become the modern-day California, Utah, and Nevada and parts of New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, and Wyoming. Also, the Rio Grande became the southern boundary with Mexico.
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The agreement fixes the U.S - Canadian border at the 49th parallel. Besides, it also gave the Oregon territory to the U.S.
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The discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill in California foments western expansion as settlers desire to make themselves rich.
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Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Stanton organized a convention that sought to improve women's rights as it advocated for property rights, access to professions, and the right to vote.
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The Know-Nothing Pary is created as a result of nativism.
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The compromise admits California as a free state, determines that popular sovereignty will determine slavery in Utah and New Mexico, and establishes a stricter fugitive slave law.
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Published by Harriet Beecher Stowe, the novel stirs anti-slavery sentiments and harnesses support to end the bondage of black Americans.
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The act establishes the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, determines that popular sovereignty will decide whether slavery would be allowed, and repeals the Missouri Compromise. As a result, it led to a period of violence known as Bleeding Kansas.
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Supreme court rules that Congress has no right to abolish slavery in the states and that slaves are not citizens.
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As a result of South Carolina's secession, other southern states such as Florida, Mississipi, Alabama, Georgia and Louisiana also secede.
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As a result of tensions that sprouted from the secession of the southern states, the Union and the Confederacy fight.
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The Confederacy arises as all the southern states that seceded join together to form a new republic that admitted slavery.
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Confederates attack on Fort Sumter as a reaction to Lincoln's intention to resupply the fort marks the start of the civil war.
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The deadliest one-day battle in all American military history. Union victory stopped Lee's attempt to invade the north, convinced Lincoln to change the general, and prevented the Confederacy from being acknowledged and aided by Great Britain and France.
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The act allows settlers to claim the land from the west after they have lived on it for five years, thus fomenting western expansion.
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Lincoln issues a proclamation that freed all slaves in the Confederacy, transforming the character of the war from a struggle for unity to a crusade for freedom.
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Lee's charge to invade the north again ultimately failed as he lost a third of his army, therefore changing the tide of the war to the Union's favor.
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Following the civil war, it attempted to address the problems of newly freed slaves and the problems that arose as a result of the war.
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The 13th amendment is ratified, thus prohibiting slavery in the United States.
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The 14th amendment is ratified, granting citizenship to all persons born or in the United States, including former slaves. Furthermore, it guaranteed equal protection under the law for all citizens.
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Central Pacific and Union Pacific railroads are joined at Utah, thus creating the first transcontinental railroad.
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The 15th amendment is ratified, giving blacks the right to suffrage.
