-
Land ACT
easier to by land from government / 1.25$ an acre
// No more space in Europe -
Period: to
Sources of Migration towards the US
1-Europe
2-Asia
3-Mexico
4-Canada
5-Caribbean
6-South America -
Repeal-Act prohibiting Artisans to leave the country (UK)
-
Russian Pale created
a place where 75% of Eastern European Jews are from, created by Tsar Nicholas I and in which jews were mandated to live in - actual lituania, ukraine, poland and south-eastern provinces of Russia -
Cunard Line created
British Company -
Period: to
Ships tripling in size
-
Period: to
Mostly wooden ships transporting imigrants
Also creation of the first transportation companies -
Period: to
Majority of Northern Italian immigration
TRdation of moving around in italy, where you are needeed, so started moving to the US, bringing their skills (Californian wineries)
Because of political resaons, to avoid draft/jail, and economic opportunities.
Context of political turmoil in Italy, was multiple little states, not one unified, fighting and lobbying for a unification that would happen later. -
Hamburg-American Line created
German company -
Period: to
Risorgimento
Movement of Italian Independance and unification -
Increase migration to the US
-
Period: to
Time of Massive Chinese Immigration
1850s- 40k
1870s- 120k
1890s- 10k -
Period: to
Chinese immigration for the Gold Rush
25k chinese joined the Gold Rush
America called "Gold Mountain" in Cantonese -
Foreign Miner's Tax
-
Castle Garden's Inauguration
8 Million of immigrants went through its doors (2/3 of them all) -
96% of imigrants travelling on wooden ships / 90% of ships made out of wood
-
Minority Report of the Commitee of Mines and Mining Interests
Senate session, an annual report of the controller of state - official document presented in Senate at State Level "Slave" Chinese population
conflict with other workers, working less and with higher wages - chinese as unfair workforce, not allowing the improvement of worker's conditions -
North-German Lloyd Company created
German Company -
"The Great Fear of the Period: that Uncle Sam May Be Swallowed by Foreigners
S.Francisco, White and Bauer -
Period: to
Lucrative transatlantic steam ships companies
-
First Unification of Kingdom Of Italy
except papal states and a bit of Austrian Empire -
Homestead act
settlers were given 150acres of land to work on for 5 years, then the land was yours IF you used it/worked on it for 5 years. For male citizens over 21 or would-be citizens.
The land was not empty-inhabited lands by wild animals and Native American -
Contract Labor law
an employee could recruit workers abroad, signing a contract beforehand, the person is then offered the passage to America at the cost of years of work in the same factory
// indentured servants -
First outbreak of Cholera
-
New York City Tenement Act
Tenements are a type of building usually 4-6 stories high in which entire families of immigrants would be packed in to live, sometimes as many as 10 per flats, at a rate of 4 flats per Stories. They were composed of a living room and a bedroom. The stairs were spiraling in the middle of the building. There would be no light and no aishaft, so it would be very hot and smelly. Only accomodation available for the hole building would be open to the eye, dirty and in the open air. One per building. -
Burlingham Treaty
Increase of commerce with China, free exchange of marchandise and workers, tourism, businessmen and "permanent residents"
But chinese not available to claim citizenship, not white nor black (according to the Constitution), but fair treatment of popultaion in both country -
Complition of the First Transcontinental Railroad
in Utah
Lack of workforce due to the Civil War
use of 12k chinese immigrants to build the western part, the eastern side built by "The English"
Immigrants now able to settle in difficult places easier to legitimize, claim and use the land
But not for Chinese - were not welcome to stay
Harsh conditions while building it- desert, camp, building bridges and tunnels, carving the mountains -
>90% of S.Francisco Cigar manufacturing by Chinese
-
Sidewalk Ordinance
prohibiting people from walking on sidewalks while using a pole to carry goods
targeting the Chinese population -
L.A. Riots
attack of the chinese quarter
18 Chinese poeple killed, houuses burnt
condemned by newspaper -
Kingdom of Italy stabilized
this time with the former Papal states and a bit of the Austrian Empire part of now Italy -
Chinese responsible for 1/2 shoes manufactured in Ca.
-
98% of imigrants travelling on steamships
-
S.Francisco Anti CHinese Demonstration + Snake River Massacre
10 chinese workers killed in the massacre in Oregon, white men killers were acquitted -
Denver Chinatown attacked
-
Period: to
Shift in nationalities going to the US
-
Period: to
Time of Massive Imigration from Europe
with the highest point between 1901 and 1910
also time when 1/3 of European jews left their home, and of which 90% went to the US -
Period: to
200k jews reached the US
-
Period: to
Rate War
great competition between navigation companies, lowering of ticket prices.
Start of the "Steerage passengers" : those who couldn't afford a cabin were put int the steerage, place between decks usualy above the Engine and the Boiler rooms - at sea level. Very hot, no air, no lights. Those passengers, once arrived in the US, would have to go through the imigration bureaus, contrary to those from the cabins (enventhough they were imigrants, you were not considered as such when you were rich) -
Period: to
Majority of Southern Italian immigrants
Political reasons (revolutionarists, socialists, ...), economic oppression of landlords exploitment (they have the economical and political power through rent ) = poverty and exploitation.
Immigration to industrial cities, where they needed arms = "Bracchianti" people working with their arms.
Usually would settle in NY (Lower-East Side, Hell's Kitchen, East Harlem) but also Chicago, Philadelphia, Boston, N.O., S.F. -
Pogroms struck 200 communities in Russian Pale
-
Russian laws restricting place of settlement and businesses for jews
-
Chinese Exclusion Act
after a period of lobbying to harden immigration laws, this Act prohibiting the entry of Chinese workers for 10 years was passed
Journalists, merchants, diplomats,... could still go to the US
Exclusion, not expulsion -
"The Kind of "Assisted Emigrants" We Cannot Afford to Admit", Puck
REpresentation of death disguised as imigrant, on a british ship arriving in NYC, welcomed by a battery of disinfectants
Fear of contagious disease -
Sweatshops
group of people working together in a small space, textile industry, doing the sleaves, buttons, colours of the coats.... usually famillies in the Tenements -
Scott Act
prohibiting return of chinese workers to the us even with a valid re-entry permit -
Hull House constructed, Chicago
a settlement house, a place helping people integrate in society while being proud of their culture. Italians not really feeling Italians, more Sicilians/Romans... unification still new
Cultural Shock/ use of olive oil... criticised by Americans, encouraging through reports the use of butter and cream = Americanizing them, integrating them -
1/3 of imigrants moving thanks to prepaid tickets
increasing because of RATE WAR since the1880s -
How the Other Half Lives, Jacob RIIS
"muckraking" journalism
also showing and condemning the living conditions in the tenements -
Closing of Castle Garden
became too small, too slow, and didn't meet the necessary criteria anymore -
Immigration Law
mandatory that all immigrants coming to the US were given a health inspection by the Public Health Service physicians
// Mental Examination of Immigrants, text of May 18, 1917 -
20k jews banished from Moscou
-
Second outbreak of Cholera
-
Opening of Ellis Island
first Federal Immigration Station on Ellis Island, cost 75K$
Annie Moore, the "rosy-cheeked girl" of Ellis Island, first to go through - Irish girl considered white (would not have been in the 1860s)
Island of Hopes, Island of Tears -
Geary Act
Made the Chinese Exclusion act Permanent
repealed in 1943
not the problem anymore - targeting on Japanese -
Period: to
2.2 millions italians arrived
Have to keep in mind that America was not initially their first immigration destination choice : first massive immigration to Brazil when slavery was abolished (1840s), then US, then Argentina...
At this period (1899-1910), 372.6k from Northern Italy, 1.9 Millions from the south (below Geneva) -
Period: to
1.5 M jews reached the US
With a pick in 1906//russian revolution -
Period: to
Improvement of travelling conditions ...
... as a result of journalists revealing difficult conditions for imigrants (the Muckrakers journalists)
65%of imigrants moving to the US thanks to prepaid tickets -
Period: to
Garment manufacturing doubling in size
textile manufacturing
workers had little rights, and had to buy their own sewing machines
long paired tables overseen by managers -
Tenement Act
how to REmake tenements
- mandated better lighting and fire proofing
-indoor toilets facilities connected to city seawers. 1 for 2 appartments -
Period: to
New Pogroms
-
Agreement between US and Japan
controlling the number of immigrants
Japan didn't like the US, and vice-versa
Japan didn't wanted their people to go away, US didn't want to welcome them -
Construction of Angel Island in China Cove
primarly a detention center, designed to control chinese flow who were denied entry since the Chinese Exclusion Act
The whole place is carved with isncriptions from people detained there -
Russian Revolution
-
Gentlemen's Agreement
between the US and Japan:
-Japan agrees to restrict emigration to the US
-US_ no restriction imposed on japanese population already there -
326 synagogues in the Lower East Side
-
More than 1/2 M jews lived in Lower East Side Tenements
-
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire
one of the biggest and most influential Garment manfufacturing industry in NYC. Emplooying women mostly, in a high building with only one fire escape, blocked so that employees would not loose their time outside - very hot industry/building, no air.
When fire broke out, couldn't escape, so some jumped out of the building and died not of fire, but of heights. 150 deaths total. The employers did not end up in jail. Whole afdair shocked the City- conversations about workers conditions -
The Soul Of An Immigrant, Panunzio
Love for Italy like a mother, love of US like a wife
Idea of "descent"= where you come from, and "conscent"=agreeing with your own choice of country -
2.5 M of jews in the US
-
Closing of Ellis Island
as an immigration station