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Louis XVIII, king of France
Restored Bourbon monarch after Napoleon’s fall; ruled as a constitutional monarch until his death. -
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Congress of Vienna
A meeting of European powers after Napoleon’s defeat to restore conservative order, redraw borders, and reestablish monarchies. -
Waterloo Battle
Napoleon Bonaparte’s final defeat by British and Prussian forces, leading to his second exile and the end of the Napoleonic Wars. -
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Spanish Liberal Biennium
A brief liberal period in Spain where the 1812 Constitution was reinstated before absolutism was restored by French intervention. -
Independence of Greece
After a long struggle against the Ottoman Empire, Greece gained independence with support from Britain, France, and Russia.