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Congress of Vienna
European leaders met to decide what to do after Napoleon’s defeat. They wanted to bring back kings, keep peace, and stop revolutions. It changed the map of Europe. -
Louis XVIII, King of France
He became king after Napoleon. He tried to keep peace between royalists and liberals, ruling with a constitution and laws. -
Waterloo Battle
Napoleon Bonaparte lost this battle against British and Prussian armies. It ended his rule forever. He was sent to live far away on the island of Saint Helena. -
Spanish Liberal Biennium
A short time in Spain when liberals had power. They brought back the 1812 Constitution. Later, a French army helped the king return to absolute power. -
Greek War of Independence
Greeks fought to be free from the Ottoman Empire. Many Europeans supported them. They won the war and became independent. -
Greek War of Independence
Greeks fought to be free from the Ottoman Empire. Many Europeans supported them. They won the war and became independent. -
Charles X, King of France
He was the brother of Louis XVIII. He was very conservative and wanted old royal powers. People didn’t like his ideas, so they forced him to leave during a revolution. -
Independence of Greece Recognized
European countries accepted Greece as a free country and chose a young prince from Bavaria, Otto, to be king. -
Louis Philippe, King of France
He became king after Charles X. He was called the “Citizen King” because he seemed closer to the people. But over time, he helped only the rich, so he was overthrown too. -
Independence of Belgium
Belgium broke away from the Netherlands. After some fighting, other countries accepted Belgium as a new country. -
The Zollverein
A group of German states, led by Prussia, made a trade union. It helped them work together and made trade easier. It was one step toward a united Germany. -
Revolutions of 1848
Many people in Europe protested for rights, democracy, and national freedom. Most revolts failed, but they showed that people wanted change. -
France’s Second Republic
France became a republic again after getting rid of the king. It gave men the right to vote. Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte became the president. -
France’s Second Empire
Louis-Napoleon became Emperor Napoleon III. He helped modernize France but lost a war later and had to leave power. -
Battles of Magenta and Solferino
France and the Kingdom of Sardinia fought Austria to help unify Italy. These battles were important victories that helped Italy grow. -
Battles of Magenta and Solferino
France and the Kingdom of Sardinia fought Austria to help unify Italy. These battles were important victories that helped Italy grow. -
Garibaldi Conquered the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Garibaldi, an Italian hero, led an army in the south of Italy. He gave the land to the king of Sardinia to help unite the country. -
Victor Emmanuel II Becomes King of Italy
After many wars and efforts, most of Italy was united. Victor Emmanuel II became the first king of a united Italy. -
Danish-Prussian War
Prussia and Austria fought Denmark and took two territories, Schleswig and Holstein. This was an early step in German unification. -
Austro-Prussian War
Prussia fought Austria to lead the German states. Prussia won and took control of the north German region. -
Franco-Prussian War
Prussia fought Austria to lead the German states. Prussia won and took control of the north German region. -
Wilhelm I Becomes Kaiser of the German Empire
After winning the war, Prussia united Germany. Wilhelm I was crowned emperor (Kaiser) in the palace of Versailles, France.