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This process began in Britain in the 18th century and from there spread to other parts of the world. Although used earlier by French writers, the term Industrial Revolution was first popularized by the English. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiW36fVwdjYAhURNd8KHUXIAM0QFggxMAI&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FIndustrial-Revolution&usg=AOvVaw0GfisTJAaKyKQFcLJNUY6J
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The fighting between French and colonists merged into a European conflict involving France, Austria, and Russia against Prussia and Britain. Peace was declared in 1763 through the Peace of Paris, which ended French power in North America. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiw3JaE6PvYAhWMqlMKHeOKDq0QFggsMAE&url=https%3A%2F%2Fstudy.com%2Facademy%2Flesson%2Fseven-years-war-summary-causes-effects.html&usg=AOvVaw0gocQJMWhUP7zvSEuG7Tuh
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The first voyage of James Cook was commissioned by King George III: a combined Royal Navy and Royal Society expedition to the south Pacific Ocean. The second voyage was to the Pacific in search of that elusive Southern Continent. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjImJCb7_vYAhXI7VMKHZ4pCpUQFggxMAI&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFirst_voyage_of_James_Cook&usg=AOvVaw23AM_fjje_KZNVIXN3MiTv
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The American Revolution is the U.S. War of Independence. The conflict arose from growing tensions between residents of Great Britain's 13 North American colonies and the colonial government, which represented the British crown. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiTos_ewNjYAhUHRN8KHREbC8AQFggxMAI&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Famerican-revolution%2Famerican-revolution-history&usg=AOvVaw3DjMjN1JvkLLfoqAxi7UVS
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The French Revolution was a revolution in France from 1789 to 1799. It led to the end of the monarchy, and to many wars. King Louis XVI was executed in 1793. The revolution ended when Napoleon Bonaparte took power in November 1799. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjD2bu41NjYAhUDSN8KHW6DCMkQFggrMAE&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFrench_Revolution&usg=AOvVaw0trURrpAhCMPpeA4-mBKt5
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They moved north to Port Jackson on 26 January 1788, landing at Camp Cove, known as 'cadi' to the Cadigal people. Governor Phillip carried instructions to establish the first British Colony in Australia https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiOv-vn09jYAhVrkeAKHXYXAy4QFggyMAI&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.australia.gov.au%2Fabout-australia%2Faustralian-story%2Feuropean-discovery-and-colonisation&usg=AOvVaw3TxSBFgX-GoHuIlDEUka3l
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The Haitian Revolution has often been described as the largest and most successful slave rebellion in the Western Hemisphere. Slaves initiated the rebellion in 1791 and by 1803 they had succeeded in ending not just slavery but French control over the colony. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwia7t3r1NjYAhWKON8KHSAsBCYQFggxMAI&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackpast.org%2Fgah%2Fhaitian-revolution-1791-1804&usg=AOvVaw1l74zVTpHmtZ51wjHrVF_0
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After the French Revolution had quieted into the Thermidorean Reaction, a brilliant general named Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew the Directory and came into power as leader of the Consulate. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiUwtHt5fvYAhVB7FMKHW2lDoAQFgguMAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sparknotes.com%2Fhistory%2Feuropean%2Fnapoleonic%2Fsummary%2F&usg=AOvVaw1Jue6xQVnpLLFYPibxr1Wf
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The process of Muhammad Ali's seizure of power was a long three-way civil war between the Ottoman Turks, Egyptian Mamluks, and Albanian mercenaries. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwja9JCi5fvYAhUB4VMKHZu_AtoQFggxMAI&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHistory_of_Egypt_under_the_Muhammad_Ali_dynasty&usg=AOvVaw3W7PaTf7fM7IT6F9kTU4z9
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The act abolished the Slave Trade in the British colonies. It became illegal to carry slaves in British ships (although many ships tried to evade the ban). The abolitionists had assumed that ending the Slave Trade would eventually lead to the freeing of all enslaved people. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjAptW60tjYAhXimuAKHcKmAUUQFgguMAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fabolition.e2bn.org%2Fslavery_113.html&usg=AOvVaw3PmaAFQbF9EbZ4cNCM_8qS
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The first uprising against Spanish rule took place in 1810, but only in 1822 did Ecuador fully gain independence and became part of Gran Colombia, from which it withdrew in 1830. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwi96PbQ1djYAhWulOAKHYhaBD4QFggxMAI&url=https%3A%2F%2Fipfs.io%2Fipfs%2FQmXoypizjW3WknFiJnKLwHCnL72vedxjQkDDP1mXWo6uco%2Fwiki%2FLatin_American_wars_of_independence.html&usg=AOvVaw25KOBjppcY4EBHL8gZwM30
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The Congress of Vienna was the four European powers which had defeated Napoleon. The first goal was to establish a new balance of power in Europe which would prevent imperialism within Europe, and maintain the peace between the great powers. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiznsn9w9jYAhUGGt8KHXcqD6UQFggrMAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.sunysuffolk.edu%2Fwestn%2Fcongvienna.html&usg=AOvVaw1FsPSLc6zHa_5RuU50UWbK
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The Tanzimât (Ottoman Turkish: تنظيمات), literally meaning reorganization of the Ottoman Empire, was a period of reformation that began in 1839 and ended with the First Constitutional Era in 1876. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjCtJib6_vYAhWRzFMKHU9BA98QFggxMAI&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTanzimat&usg=AOvVaw2VuUEtA6EByWJycTzMFua2
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Opium Wars, two armed conflicts in China in the mid-19th century between the forces of Western countries and of the Qing dynasty. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0ahUKEwiOt6-54_vYAhXE21MKHUahAx8QFggpMAA&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FOpium-Wars&usg=AOvVaw2IHsn8FdpgNil3UWreBhG8
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The Communist Manifesto is a brief publication that declares the arguments and platform of the Communist party. It was written in 1847, by political theorists Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwi2zpqS5PvYAhUEq1MKHVqaCdgQFgg1MAI&url=https%3A%2F%2Fstudy.com%2Facademy%2Flesson%2Fthe-communist-manifesto-summary-analysis-quiz.html&usg=AOvVaw2DW1NaXCCdA0GJUvw4_y64
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Revolt against the Manchu dynasty of China. It was led by Hung Hsiu-ch'üan, a visionary from Guangdong who evolved a political creed and religious ideology influenced by elements of Protestant Christianity. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjB3qCu6fvYAhUJylMKHdgiDIAQFggrMAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fhistory%2Fasia-and-africa%2Fchinese-and-taiwanese-history%2Ftaiping-rebellion&usg=AOvVaw3PmBstkwqWO1gWV3dK8jX5
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The Perry Expedition was a diplomatic expedition to Bakumatsu period Japan, involving two separate trips by warships of the United States Navy. The expedition was commanded by Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry, under orders from American President Millard Fillmore. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwi4kb-x1tjYAhXIlOAKHXR-AKAQFggxMAI&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPerry_Expedition&usg=AOvVaw1o8bMcoi7ePaNVJ8nd1qwf
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American Commodore Matthew Perry led his four ships into the harbor at Tokyo Bay, seeking to re-establish for the first time in over 200 years regular trade and discourse between Japan and the western world. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjL8JPm3_vYAhUF0lMKHbVoCj0QFggrMAE&url=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fmilestones%2F1830-1860%2Fopening-to-japan&usg=AOvVaw0wVL72R0GC33xPJhBVVxpu
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Sepoy Mutiny is a widespread but unsuccessful rebellion against British rule in India in 1857–58. Begun in Meerut by Indian troops (sepoys) in the service of the British East India Company, it spread to Delhi, Agra, Kanpur, and Lucknow. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiJ_fq85_vYAhUPv1MKHTt7C0QQFggsMAE&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FIndian-Mutiny&usg=AOvVaw0zGMeKbpl6UGH4zGixSlgi
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Tsar Alexander I, wanted to reform the system but was stymied. New laws allowed all classes (except the serfs) to own land, a privilege that was previously confined to the nobility. Russian serfdom was finally abolished in the emancipation reform of 1861 by Tsar Alexander II. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjO4czQvtjYAhXlmeAKHdL9D8cQFggxMAI&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSerfdom_in_Russia&usg=AOvVaw081Meeq4rwNWoiuicFoYz9
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Canadian Confederation (French: Confédération Canadienne) was the process by which the British colonies of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick were united into one Dominion of Canada on July 1, 1867. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwj4p8Sm09jYAhXIk-AKHVZYCIkQFggxMAI&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCanadian_Confederation&usg=AOvVaw0iiXULfKgbL8qqngrrWdMd
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Tokugawa shôgun, who ruled Japan in the feudal period, lost his power and the emperor was restored to the supreme position. The emperor took the name Meiji ("enlightened rule") as his reign name; this event was known as the Meiji Restoration. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwicp4Gu4PvYAhUG0VMKHXqYDz8QFggrMAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fafe.easia.columbia.edu%2Fspecial%2Fjapan_1750_meiji.htm&usg=AOvVaw3dLg8kXqv9AIy4e6Hu6ksF
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The Suez Canal is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Isthmus of Suez.
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The movement to unite Italy into one cultural and political entity was known as the Risorgimento. Garibaldi, supported by his legion of Red Shirts. Camillo di Cavour who finally, using the tools of realpolitik, united Italy under the crown of Sardinia. http://www.sparknotes.com/history/european/1871/section3/
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Bismarck initiated decisive wars with Denmark, Austria, and France to unite 39 independent German states under Prussian leadership. Territory now in Prussian control and its borders secure, Bismarck declared the German Empire, crowning Wilhelm I, as Kaiser of Germany. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0ahUKEwid8Jj66_vYAhVP2lMKHZUoDAkQFggrMAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fotto-von-bismarck&usg=AOvVaw1Dls_C3XKQDdZ7EqKiOS7U
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The Berlin Conference was a meeting between European nations to create rules on how to peacefully divide Africa among them for colonization. The conference was convened by Portugal but led by Otto von Bismarck, chancellor of the newly united Germany. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiZwY6swtjYAhXuQd8KHWcXBwMQFggrMAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chegg.com%2Fhomework-help%2Fdefinitions%2Fberlin-conference-of-1884-45&usg=AOvVaw0hgTUq85Cy1944CReWEev6
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The struggle for total abolition kept moving forward under his leadership, and finally on May 13, 1888, the imperial family passed Lei Aurea, “the Golden Law”, making Brazil the last nation in the Western Hemisphere to formally abolish slavery. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiCgqeRv9jYAhVLRN8KHWbAC1MQFggyMAI&url=http%3A%2F%2Fexoduscry.com%2Fblog%2Fgeneral%2Fhistory-of-slavery-and-abolition-in-brazil%2F&usg=AOvVaw1gYTFmgIYxPNEeP6kvEhno
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Maine mysteriously blew up. The US blamed a Spanish mine. McKinley gave the OK for war, and by April, both the US and Spain had declared war. The US liberated Cuba and got Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines as colonies for itself. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjqyvPc6PvYAhUBtlMKHcWhBqEQFggrMAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sparknotes.com%2Fhistory%2Famerican%2Fspanishamerican%2Fsummary%2F&usg=AOvVaw0EjR_EXHtapNqBgzUP-5sP
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After Russia reneged an agreement to withdraw its troops from Manchuria, Japan decided it was time to attack. The war began on February 8, 1904, when the main Japanese fleet launched a surprise attack and siege on the Russian naval squadron at Port Arthur. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiQku7a5vvYAhXCzlMKHXgsA-YQFggsMAE&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FRusso-Japanese-War&usg=AOvVaw1dd6ogvaHK-HDa9yoGFMoY
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The South African Boer War begins between the British Empire and the Boers of the Transvaal and Orange Free State. The Boers, also known as Afrikaners, were the descendants of the original Dutch settlers of southern Africa. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjiq4z1wtjYAhVFleAKHW1aBQkQFgguMAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Fboer-war-begins-in-south-africa&usg=AOvVaw1n4-85ii16jcFWB6ZSfCw4
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The Young Turk Movement emerged in reaction to the absolutist rule of Sultan Abdul-Hamid II. With the 1878 suspension of the Ottoman Constitution, reform-minded Ottomans resorted to organizing overseas or underground. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjTjcb47_vYAhWJ61MKHR1OAEwQFggrMAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.armenian-genocide.org%2Fyoung_turks.html&usg=AOvVaw2-E2u5M9Nx0SugsWLPJlQI
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Albert Einstein, in his theory of special relativity, determined that the laws of physics are the same for all non-accelerating observers, and he showed that the speed of light within a vacuum is the same no matter the speed at which an observer travels https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiqxIaO0tjYAhVRdt8KHY8vC64QFggyMAI&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F17661-theory-general-relativity.html&usg=AOvVaw1iPldk5G4aFztDWf5nAhTi
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Led by an Orthodox priest, Father Gapon, 150K people took to the cold and snow covered streets of St Petersburg to protest about their lifestyle. They were not intent on making any form to overthrow of the government or royal family. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwimt4Xu5PvYAhVEzFMKHSWqBEoQFggrMAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Ffirst-russian-revolution-begins&usg=AOvVaw0yyDJHSsNj4VTUTyreXdLK
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The Mexcian Revolution ended dictatorship in Mexico and established a constitutional republic. A number of groups, led by revolutionaries including Francisco Madero, Pascual Orozco, Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata, participated in the long and costly conflict. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjczoTR4PvYAhUBylMKHQFdCcsQFggxMAI&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fmexican-revolution&usg=AOvVaw34yP_1Bn4yHkFM4lsrps8G
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In October, a group of revolutionaries in southern China led a successful revolt against the Qing Dynasty, establishing in its place the Republic of China and ending the imperial system. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiUutWuw9jYAhXkhOAKHVLrDNYQFggxMAI&url=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fmilestones%2F1899-1913%2Fchinese-rev&usg=AOvVaw3xG80AHHL2GKTLhJK_-CZ4
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Following the failure of a French construction team in the 1880s, the United States commenced building a canal across a 50-mile stretch of the Panama isthmus. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjY9saW4fvYAhWB0FMKHWCCBFMQFggxMAI&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fpanama-canal&usg=AOvVaw07OJxf8Qp3XH_P9pm3Ruo-
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