Nationalism

A.P. U.S. History Chapter 8 Concepts: Varieties of American Nationalism

By samirathegreat

  • John Marshall/McCulloch vs. Maryland

    John Marshall:
    - Supreme Court Chief Justice (1801-1835)
    - Helped dtrengthen judicial branch
    - Confirmed implied powers of Congress on McCulloch vs. Maryland
    - Upheld Constitutionality of Bank of U.S.
    - Fell under Constitution's Necessary & Proper clause

  • Steamship/Fulton's Clermont

    a) - 1806
    - Robert Fulton
    - Made river transportation dramatically easier
    b) - Need for wuick, easy way to transport goods
    c) - Clermont
    - Steamboat equipped w/ paddle wheels & English engine
    - Siled up the Hudson River
    - Revolutionized transportation

  • National Road

    a) - 1807-1818
    - Road that ran from Potomac River to Ohio River
    - Albert Gallatin
    b) - Proposed by Albert Gallatin (Jefferson's secretary of treasury)
    - Effective transportation
    c) - Heavy traffic
    - Increased travel

  • Fletcher vs. Peck

    • Series of land frauds in Georgia
    • Decision: Land grant= valid contract that cannot be repealed, even if corrupt

  • Effects of the War of 1812 on Manufacturing

    • Dramatic growth
    • Total # of cotton soindles up x15 (8,000 -> 130,000)
    • Produced more than just yarn & thread
    • 1813: Boston Manufacturing Company
      • Francis Cabot Lowell
    • Mills could now spin & weave in same place

  • Role of Fur Trading Companies in West

    • John Jacob Astor's American Fur Company (1812)
      • Establ. Astoria as trading post in Oregon
      • Sold to Northwestern Fur Company
    • Rocky Mountain Fur Company (1822)
      • Dispatched supplies annually to workers
      • Workers earned salaries in return for providing furs
    - Fur market expanding

  • Four Reasons for Westward Expansion After the War of 1812

    • Population Growth
      • Doubled from 5.3 mil to 9.6 mil
    • Declined Indian Resistance
      • Less Indian opposition
      • Govt kept pushing remaining tribes farther West
      • Made West very attractive to settlers
    • Economic Pressure
      • Growth of cities
      • West had new lands; Eastern lands worn out
      • Spread of plantation system & slave labor
    • Availability of New Lands
      • West virtually unsettled

  • Second Bank of the U.S.

    a) -1816
    - Reestablishment of National Bank
    b) - War of 1812
    - Instability
    - 1st National Bank's charter= expired
    - Currency problem (notes circulating)
    c) - Bank cannot forbid states from issuing currency
    - National bank >> State banks (dominating!)

  • Tariff Bill of 1816

    a) - 1816
    - Congress
    - Limited foreign competition on wide range of items
    b) - Nationalists dreamed to create industrial eco. in America
    c) - Agriculturalists (Farmers?) objected
    - Higher prices for manufactured goods
    - North eco. prospered; South forced to pay more for goods

  • Era of Good Feelings

    • Began w/ James Monroe's election as president (1816)
      • Re-elected 1820
    • Beat his opponent 183 electoral votes to 34
    • Federalists declining
      • No opposition
    • No international threats
    • Monroe Goodwill Tour (1817?)
    • Called Era of Good Feelings bc heightened national unity

  • Admission of New States: Indiana, Mississippi, Illinois, Alabama

    • Results of War of 1812
    • Indiana: 1816
    • Mississippi: 1817
    • Illinois: 1818
    • Alabama: 1819
    • Inreasing settlement in Northwest & Southwest

  • Madison's 1817 Veto Of Calhoun's Internal Improvements Bill

    • Bill used funds owed to govt by Bank of U.S. to finance internal improvements
    • Vetoed on James Madison's last day in office
    • Believed Congress did not have authority to fund improvements w/o Constitutional Amendment

  • First Seminole War

    a) - 1818
    - Andrew Jackson/Quincy Adams
    b) - Orders from Calhoun (Secretary of War)
    - Raids by Seminole Indians
    - Adams wanted govt to take responsibility
    - U.S. govt had right to protect itself
    c) - Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)
    - St.Marks & Pensacola forts seized
    - 2 British subjects hanged

  • Lancaster Toll Pike Extension

    • Funded by state of Pennsylvania
    • Extended to Pittsburgh
    • Led to heavy traffic & increased transportation

  • Panic of 1819

    • Followed period of high demand for American goods
    • High price of goods --> western land boom
    • National Bank began tightening credit
      • Foreclosed mortgages
      • Collected state bank notes & demanded cash
      • Bank failures.
    • Blamed on the Bank of the United States
    • 6 years of economic depression
    • Prices fell rapidly

  • Adams-Odis Treaty

    a) - 1819
    - Florida/Texas
    b) - 1818 Jacksonian invasion of Florida
    - Seize forts @ St. Marks & Pensacola
    - U.S. right to "defend itself"
    c) - U.S. gives up claims to Texas
    - Spain gives up Florida & Pacific Northwest
    - "transcontinental treaty"

  • Dartmouth College vs. Woodward

    • Expanded meaning of Constitution's contract clause
    • Republicans trued to revise Dartmouth's charter
    • Decision: Ruled for Dartmouth
      • Legislature had violated college's contract
      • Corporation charters = contracts

  • Recommendations of Expeditions by Pike & Stephen Long

    • Long led 19 soldiers through Nebraska & Eastern Colorado
      • Failed to find headwaters of Red River
    • Wrote report that reflected Zebulon Pike's
      • Land bt Missouri River & Rocky Mountains unfit for cultivation
        • Uninhabitable

  • Missouri Compromise

    a) - 1820
    - Prohibited slavery in Louisiana Territory north of Missouri's
    southern border
    - Proposed by Senator Jesse B. Thomas of Illinois
    b) - Missouri wanted statehood
    - 1/6 Missouri population made up of slaves
    - Some opposed/some approved
    c) - Nationalists supported the Compromise
    - Revealed strong sectionalism
    - Thomas Jefferson strongy opposed

  • Cohens vs. Virginia

    • Regarding states' rights
    • Affirmed constitutionality of federal review of state court decisions
      • States gave up part of sovereignty through Constitution

  • Monroe Doctrine

    • Claimed that Americas (North/South/Central) no longer open to European colonization
    • Effective bc establ. diplomatic relations w/ Argentina, Peru, Colombia, & Mexico
    • Felt Britain was a threat
    • Expressed growing nationalism
    • Establ. American hegemony in the West

  • Marshall Court Indian Cases

    • Johnson vs. McIntosh
      • Favored U.S. over Indians of the area
    • Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia
      • Court refused to hear the case
        • Tribes not a foreign nation
    • Worcester vs. Georgia
      • Georgia law required permission before entering Cherokee lands
      • Court invalidated the Georgia law
      • Defined Indian nations as sovereign entities

  • Election of John Quincy Adams

    • Adams was politically bitter
    • Promoted a nationalist agenda
      • Prevented by a Jacksonian Congress
    • Diplomatic frustrations
    • Georgia
      • Defied Adams & removed indians
    • Supported new tariffs
      • Opposed by Southerners

  • Gibbons vs. Ogden

    • Strengthened Congress' power to regulate interstate commerce
    • Defined commerce broadly; included navigation
    • Freed transportation systems
    • Paved the way for unfettered capitalist growth
    • Congress proposed measures to curb Court's power

  • John Quincy Adams' Presidency

    • 1824-1828
    • National Road Expansion/Internal Imprvements
      • Called for overall improvement of infrastructure
      • Prevented by Jacksonian Congress
    • Georgia Indian Removal
      • Defied presidential orders
      • Motive: to gain land for cotton farmers
      • 1827: Creek Indians succumb & surrender to Georgia
    • Tariff of Abominations
      • Tariff on goods imported/from the West
      • Supportefd by Northern manufacturers
      • Opposed by Southern farmers

  • Erie Canal

    • Completed in 1825
    • Replaced Ohio and Monongahela Rivers as main route westward
    • Used by many pioneers

  • Tariff of Abominations

    • Tariff on imported goods
      • High dutie on wollens & items produced in the West
    • Originated in Rhode Island & Massachussetts
      • Supported by Middle & Western states
    • Opposition would grow whether signed or vetoed
      • Signeed
      • Southern animosity

  • Presidential Election Campaign of Personal Incentive

    • Jacksonians
      • Charged Adams as wasteful & extravagant
      • Accused Adams of using public funds to supplement gambling
    • Adams' Supporters
      • Called Jackson a murderer and an adulterer
      • Murderer: said to have killed during the War of 1812
      • Adulterer: said to have married his wife while she was married to someone else
    • Jackson won
      • 56% of popular vote
      • 173 electoral votes
    • Adams swept New England & mid-Atlantic

  • Re-Emergence of Two-Party System

    • 1828 Presidential election
    • Divisions among Republicans
    • National Republicans
      • Supporters of John Quincy Adams
    • Democratic Republicans
      • Supporters of Andrew Jackson
    • Jacksonians believed Adams was wasteful & extravagant president
    • Adams' supporters called Jackson a murderer & adulterer
    • Jackson won 178 electoral votes to 83

  • Spread of Cotton, Plantations, Slavery Into "Black Belt"

    • "Black Belt": Alabama & Mississippi
    • Cotton Market continued to grow
      • led to increased need for slaves
      • Eli Whitney' cotton gin
    • More slaves = More plantations
    • Advance of southern settlement