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It is main system was the Ancien Régime
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The British Parliament authorised it due to rise in grain prices; it had positive consequences:
-Concentration of land ownership
-Improvement in farming techniques: rise of
production
-Production aimed at the market (Ø personal
consumption)
It had negative consequences:
-Poor farmers couldn’t enclose land = they sold
their property:
1.Became labourers in exchange for a wage
2.Moved to the cities -
Remains to the mechanistion process and increase speed production and wider fabrics
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interconnected changes driven by innovetion and pioneered by Great Britain.
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It was applicated in industrial machinery, agriculture, mills, mines and transport. It was and incredible invent that developed the industrialisation.
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An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
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It was a spinning machine
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It was a long and complex process with different phases and political groups
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The National Constituent Assembly formed by moderate bourgeoisie, negotiated with the king and privileged classes how to establish a Parliamentary monarchy in France.
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Louis XVI convenes the assembly for the fiscal enquiry. Privileges states demand a vote per estate, rather than per representative; this was because the Third State was more than the half and they will win everytime
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Louis XVI closed the door, trying to expelled the Third State and the 149 and the 2 clergies that joined them from the aasembly. The Third State went to a pavilion on Versailles (the tennis court) and proclaimed themselves the National Assembly of France (truly representatives of France). They promised to draft a Constitution.
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They stormed the Bastille because it had many weapons and gunpowder.
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Thousand of angry women ( due to the rises of the food) they marched to Varsailles and forced the king to left his palace and go to the Tuileries Palace in Paris.
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It denied woman civil rights ( property, legal and fiscal equality, right to vote)
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The king from the executive branch, had the power to name ministers and approve the laws. The national assembly, in the legislative branch, draw up laws and taxes and declare war. In the judicial power were the courts elected by the electoral assembly, this last at the same time elceted by the voters that were male French citizens over 25 years old that pay taxes.
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It was the second phase of the revolution. It started for two reasons: betrayal by the king(flight to Varennes) and military invassion of Prussia and Austria that were absolute monarchies.
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In the national convention was a new assembly elected by universal male suffrage.
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The Legislative assembly declares the war to Austria and Prussia
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The sans-culottes stormed the Tuileries Palace and impresioned the royal family, declaring a republic in France that was ruled first by the Girondists and then by the Jacobins.
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They were executed due to a formation of an absolutist coalition in Europe to fight against revolutionaires, counter-revolutionary revolts in the countryside and royalist plots by privileged classes.
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In 1793 the constituion appeared, it was republican, have social equality and a popular sovereignty. The Committee of Public Safety leaded by Robespierre had the executive power. Neutralization of enemies: absolute monarchies invasion and counter-revolutionary revolts and plots. Social laws to satisfy the ´Sans-Culottes´(Law of the Maximum, compulsory education, sale of assets of the priviliged.
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This happened in the Jacobin convention. They imposed the Reign of Terror, in which execution swre under the `Law of suspects´
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A coup ended the dictatorial Jacobin government and Roberspierre and 21 supporters were executed. In 1795, another Constitution was drafted, containing census suffrage, and the executive power was granted to a collegial government (Directory); unstable due to the aristocrecy and common people.
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Napoleon was named consul. He put some objectives: political instability od the Revolution, consolidation od some of the revolutionary principles and economy recovery through a government. It established the Constitution(1800), econmic and other reforms.
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Napoleon Bonaparte organised a coup supported by a large part of the bourgeoisie and started an authoritarian rule, the French Revolution was over.
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In the new constitution appeared: separation of powers and declaration of rights, very limited liberties and public opinion censures, states organized in departments, run by prefects.
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It starts with the French Revolution
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The Napoleonic Empire: Napoleon begas his conquest and was crowned emperor by the Pope in 1804
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Napoleon began his conquest in Europe and was crowned emperor by the Pope. He defeated mos European monarchies.
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It allowed French troops to pass trough
Spain to invade Portugal -
During the Napoleon Empire, the French troops seemed unstoppable. In 1808, Spain was invaded and Napoleon put one of the persons of his family; Joseph Bonaparte, in the crown.
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Napoleon persuaded the
Bourbons to give the Spanish crown to his brother Joseph -
The abdications of Bayonne weren’t recognized by the majority of the Spanish population (patriots), who supported Ferdinand VII as their king. As Ferdinand VII was exiled, they created their own legitimate government to represent the Spanish people and command the war.
They created local and provincial Juntas and then a Central Supreme Junta, but this didn`t work so they convene the Cortes. -
First workers to protest in England (early C.19th)
Violent destruction of machinery (responsible
for low wages and unemployment). -
The Cortes drafted this Constitution that established: separation of powers, universal male suffrage, individual freedoms and rights.
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Ferdinand VII became king again and the French troops withdrew from Spain.
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The Manifiesto de los Persas was signed by the absolutist
representatives of the Cortes, who requested an absolute monarchy and it was re-established. -
His reign was didvided in three parts:
1.Six yearsof absolutism(1814-1820)
2. Liberal triennium(1820-1823)
3.Ominous Decade(1823-1833) -
After a failure on the ivasion of Rusia and a revolt in Sapin, the imperial armies were defeated in the battle of Waterloo in 1815 by Great Britain and Prussia.
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The main objectives of the Congress of Vienna were stop the spread of liberal ideas and restore absolutism. One of the consequences was the Holy Alliance Treaty in 1815, in which absolutre monarchs would unite against any threat of liberal revolution (Russia, Prussia and Austria)
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Austrian Chancellor Metternich wanted to restore the absolutism
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This pronunciamiento was succesful and happened in Sevilla, the king was forced to reinstate the Constitution of 1812.
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In 1822, the Greeks declared independence(not recognized by the turks.
In 1827, Greek victory thanks to British and French military intervention.
In 1830, recognized the independece. -
The Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis, commanded by Duke of Angoulême, restored absolutism.
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Unions of workers from the same field, appear after the repeal of laws prohibiting worker’s associations in England.
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It was less time, with more passengers and goods and a lower cost.
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These revolutions happened because the Congress of Vienna didint respect the liberal principles and the liberalism and nationalism appeared. Insurrections spread all over Europe beginning in France.
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The movement began in France and insurrections spread all over Europe, with a significant popular support and a revolt broke out in Poland against the autocratic Russian rule.
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The kingdom of the Netherlands was formed by the Kingdom of Holland and Belgium.
Between 1830 and 1839, armed conflict after Belgium's declaration of independece and in 1839 they recognised the independe. -
It had several phases, in which the moderates and progressives fought to have the power. The phases are: Regency of Maria Christina, Regency of Espartero, The Moderate Decade, The Progressive Biennium and The system in decline.
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It began in the Basque Country lead by the experienced commander Zumalacárregui, who was defetated by the Liberal army
of General Espartero. Peace was signed at the Convention of Vergara. -
Prussia created a customs union
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The workers defend the right of association, improve wages and regulate child labour.
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It was a progressive constitution, approving:
➢ National sovereignty with census suffrage
➢ Separation of powers
➢ Two chambers: the Congress of Deputies and the Senate
➢ Granted many rights and individual liberties -
This was a moderate constitution, it put some new measures:
➢ Highly restricted suffrage
➢ Civil liberties were restricted
➢ Sovereignty shared between the Cortes and the Crown
➢ Reorganisation of State and municipal administration. Only
the Basque Country and Navarre held on their statutory laws
(dereitos forais) -
This happened because people lived by the rule of an empre or wre fragmented in various states. Rise of liberalism and expansions of the nationalism, pursuit of independent nations free from the control of absolutist empires.
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The 1848 revoltions represented democratic ideals and the political importance of workers.
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It remains to the iron industry in steel.
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- Kingdom of Piedmont, ruled by the liberal
monarchy of Savoy with Cavour as Prime Minister,
started the unification - Victor Manuel II of Savoy proclaimed king of
Italy - Austria left Venetia
- The Papal states were annexed and Rome became
the capital
- Kingdom of Piedmont, ruled by the liberal
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- Prussia created a customs union (Zollverein)
- 1st freely elected parliament offered the crown of Germany to the king of Prussia, who refused it
- New political figures in Prussia: King
Wilhelm I and Otto von Bismarck as chancellor - Proclamation of the Second German
Empire (or Reich) with Wilhelm I as Kaiser
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It was a Marx initiative but ideological differences between Marxists, anarchists and trade unions made it unworkable and it split in 1876.
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Amadeo of Savoy was chosen to take the throne, supported by progressives,
unionists and democrats.
Measures to help economic recovery and democratisation process. ➢ A few days before its arrival, his main supporter, General Prim, was
assassinated
➢ Strong opposition:
• Moderates
• Some representatives of the Church loyal to the Bourbons
• Republicans
➢ Second Carlist War (1972-76), Carlists declared Charles VII as king
➢ War on the island of Cuba (1869) In 1873, Amadeo I abdicated -
Like Amadeo abdicated, they needed to look for a new king, but they didn´t have anyone, so a republic was proclaimed and the lower classes were the most happy class. Elections were won by federal republicans.
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He was proclaimed king by General Martínez Campos. During his reign, was introduced a moderate constitution(1876). It was iplemented the bipartinsanship system and the "Quenda Pacífica". Also there were caciquismo and electoral frauds during his reign. It ended with the Nationalism movements and the crisis of 1898.
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It was founded by Marxist to coordinate the various socialist parties and it established symbols of the labour movement:
- Anthem “The Internationale”
- International Workers’ Day
