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Enclosure Acts
The closure laws, which use an ancient or formal spelling of the word now spelled "enclosure", cover the closure of open fields and common lands in England and Wales, creating legal property rights to lands that were previously held in common. . -
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Modern history
Is the history of the world beginning after the Middle Ages. Generally the term "modern history" refers to the history of the world since the advent of the Age of Reason and the Age of Enlightenment -
John Kay’s flying shuttle
John Kay was an English inventor, known for being the father of the flying shuttle, a production tool he developed in 1733 that made it possible to weave cotton on a greater scale and speed than by hand. -
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First Industrial Revolution
What is called the first Industrial Revolution lasted from the mid-18th century to about 1830 and was mostly confined to Britain. The second Industrial Revolution lasted from the mid-19th century until the early 20th century and took place in Britain, continental Europe, North America, and Japan. -
James Watt’s steam engine
Watt's steam engine, also known as the Boulton and Watt steam engine, was the first practical steam engine, becoming one of the driving forces of the Industrial Revolution. James Watt developed the design sporadicallye, with the support of Matthew Boulton. -
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The war of independence
The War of Independence of the United States was a warlike conflict that pitted the original Thirteen British Colonies in North America against the Kingdom of Great Britain. It occurred between 1775 and 1783, ending with the British defeat at the Battle of Yorktown and the signing of the Treaty of Paris. -
Declaration of the independence of USA
Enlightenment principles an America Revolution gave the bourgeoise new ideas to help them confront absolutism and the stratified system of society. The proposed new forms of social organisation and government. All of this led the revolucionary cycle that began in France in 1789. -
Invention of the power loom
The first power loom was designed in 1787 by Edmund Cartwright and first built in 1787. It was refined over the next 47 years until a design by Kenworthy and Bullough made the operation completely automatic. -
Economic crisis 1789
The economic crisis: Wich was a result of a series of poor harves since 1760. The rise in the price of food, especially bread, generated a discontent and a spirit of rebellion among the people.
The financial crisis: Was caused by the monarchy's lack of money. To resolve this problem, Louis XVI's ministers proposed that privileged begin to pay taxes. They refused to accept this and demanded that Louis XVI convene the states-general, the only body that could approve task reform. -
A revolution breaks out
The estates-general met in Versailles in May 1789. The meeting was chaired by the king and made up of representatives of the nobility, clergy and the Third Estate. However, the Third Estate met in a pavilion in Versailles and proclaimbed themselves the National Assembly. They pledged to draft a constitution that reflected the will of the majority of French people. -
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The constitutional monarchy
Is the first phase of the revolution, the moderate bourgeoise tried to reach an agreement with the king and the privilleged classes to make France a constitutuional an parlamentary monarhcy. To do this: the National Constituent assembly.
1789: Abolished feudalism and approved the Declaration of rights of man and of citicen.
1971: Drew up a constitution based on the separation of powers, national soverengnti and legal equality, thout the king reserved the right of veto and the Census suffrage -
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The Belgian Revolution
The Belgian Revolution was the conflict which led to the secession of the southern provinces from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the establishment of an independent Kingdom of Belgium. -
Estates-General meeting
The meeting took place in Versailles, In it were representatives of the nobility, clergy and Third Estate. The clergy and the nobility wants to vote one vote per estate and no one per representative, so the third state decided to leave the meeting. -
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French Revolution
The French Revolution was a period of major social upheaval that began in 1787 and ended in 1799. It sought to completely change the relationship between the rulers and those they governed and to redefine the nature of political power. -
Women's Revelion on Versailles
In the 5 of October of 1789 a groupe of women equipped whith rudimentary arms as weapons. They went to Versailles and forced the king to abandon the palace. -
Tennis Court Oath
The members of the French Third Estate took the Tennis Court Oath (French: Serment du Jeu de Paume), voting "not to separate and to reassemble wherever necessary, until the Constitution of the kingdom is established". -
Storming of the Bastille
A state prison on the east side of Paris, known as the Bastille, was attacked by an angry and aggressive mob. -
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
On 26 August 1789, the French National Constituent Assembly issued the Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen (Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen) which defined individual and collective rights at the time of the French Revolution. -
First French constitution
The short-lived French Constitution of 1791 was the first written constitution in France, created after the collapse of the absolute monarchy of the Ancien Régime. One of the basic precepts of the revolution was adopting constitutionality and establishing popular sovereignty. -
War of the First Coalition
The War of the First Coalition (French: Guerre de la Première Coalition) is a set of wars that several European powers fought on 1792 against initially the constitutional Kingdom of France and then the French Republic that succeeded it. -
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The Social Republic
The betrayal by the king an the military invasion led to the revolt by the common people. On 10 August 1972, thei stormed Tuileries Palace and impresioned the royal family. A republic was declared and the second phase Revolution began. -
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The Girondin Convention
The Girondins, the more moderate bourgeoise, controlled the Republic. A new assembly, the National Convention, was elected by universl male suffrage. Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoniette were convincted of treason and executed. In response to the king's death. Monarchies in Europe formed an absolutist coalition against France. Insude the country, counter-revolutionary revolts broke out an former privilleged classes organised royalists plots. -
Storm of Tuleries Place
On the 10th of August of 1792 the sans-culottes stormed Tuileries Place and imprisoned the royal family. This fact marks the end of the Constitutional Monarchy and the begining of the Social Republic. -
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The Jacobin Convention
Jacobins that were the most radical sector of bourgeoise, endorsed the demands of the popular sectors and seized power. The revolution had now entered its most extreme phase. Anew constitution that reconigsed popular sgoverngty and the right to social equality was enacted. The executive was led by a Commite of Public Safety, wich gave power to the Jacobin leader Roberspierre.
When the Austrian army arrived the Reing of Terror was impossed.
To satisfie the demandes some social laws werw imposed. -
The execution of Louis XVI
The execution of Louis XVI by guillotine, a major event of the French Revolution, took place at the Place de la Révolution in Paris. -
Regin of Terror
A new period in which freedoms were suspended and people opposed to the government. There were lots of executions under the Law of suspects. -
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The Conservative Republic
The moderate bourgeoise took back control of the Revolution and it enteired its third and final phase. Jacobin laws were cancelled and exilles from the Regin of Terror were encouraged to return. A new Constituttion granted executive power to a colegial govenrment, know as the Directory, and restored census suffrrage.
In this contests of wrrs changes and crisis aginst the absolutists powers, general Napolon Bonaparte organised a coup in 1799 that ended the Directory. -
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The Consulate
Napoleon's coup d'eat was supported by the large part of the bourgeoise. His aim was to implement the more moderate ideologies that had inspired the French Revoulution in 1789.
In 1799, Napoleon was named consul, and Consulate's rule began. This was a period of autocratic and authoritarian rule. Napoleon aspired to put an end to the political inestavility of the Revolution.
He allowed to exiles to return if they accepted the new goverment and signed an agreement with the church called concordat. -
Constitution of 1800
A public referendum confirmed the new constitution. It vested all the real power in the hands of the First Consul, leaving only a nominal role for the other two consuls. More than 99% of voters approved the motion according to the released results. -
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The Napoleonic Empire
Napoleon began his conquest of Europe in1803 and was crowned emperor by the Pope in 1804. His large army an the use of new military tactics enabled him to defeat most European monarchies.
After France's victory over Austria and Austerliz, the french troops seemed unestopable.
In 1808, The french invaded Spain and Joseph Bonaparte, one of the emperor's brothers, was made king. In 1811 the Empire hed reached its zenith: it extended from Germany to Spain. France now controlled most Europe. -
Napoleon crowned emperor
Napoleon was crowned Emperor of the French, at Notre-Dame de Paris in Paris. It marked "the instantiation of modern empire" and was a "transparently masterminded piece of modern propaganda". -
Treaty of Fontainebleu
The Treaty of Fontainebleau was signed on October 27, 1807 in the French city of Fontainebleau between the respective plenipotentiary representatives of Manuel Godoy, valid of the King of Spain Carlos IV of Bourbon, and Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of the French. -
Abdications of Bayonne
The name given to a series of forced abdications of the Kings of Spain, Charles IV and his son Ferdinand VII, that led to what the Spanish-speaking world calls the Spanish War of Independence, which overlaps with the Peninsular War. -
Invasion of Spain and Joseph Bonaparte crowned king
Napoleonic Spain was the part of Spain loyal to Joseph I during the Peninsular War 1808 after the country was partially occupied by French forces. During this period, the country was considered a client state of the First French Empire. -
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Luddite movement
Evan Andrews. “Luddite” is now a blanket term used to describe people who dislike new technology, but its origins date back to an early 19th-century labor movement that railed against the ways that mechanized manufactures and their unskilled laborers undermined the skilled craftsmen of the day. -
1812 Spanish constitution
The Political Constitution of the Spanish Monarchy, better known as the Spanish Constitution of 1812 or the Constitution of Cádiz, popularly known as La Pepa, was promulgated by the Spanish General Courts meeting extraordinarily in Cádiz on March 19, 1812 -
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Reign of Ferdinand VII
Fernando; was the King of Spain during the early- to mid-19th century. He reigned over the Spanish Kingdom in 1808 and again from 1813 to his death in 1833. -
Treaty of valençai
The Treaty of Valençay, after the château of the same name belonging to former French foreign minister Charles Maurice de Talleyrand, was drafted by Antoine René Mathurin and José Miguel de Carvajal y Manrique on behalf of the French Empire and the Spanish Crown respectively. -
Mnifiesto de los persas
Manifesto de los Persas is the name by which a document signed, in Madrid, by 69 absolutist deputies, led by Bernardo Mozo de Rosales, is known. -
Congress of Vienna and Holy Alliance Treaty
Holy Alliance Agreement signed at the Congress of Vienna by the crowned heads of Russia, Prussia, and Austria. Its purpose was to re-establish the principle of hereditary rule and to suppress democratic and nationalist movements, which sprung up in the wake of the French Revolution. -
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The Restoration of Absolutism
During 1814 and 1815, in the Congres of Vienna, the European powers defeated Napoleon. This congres was organised by Metternich to avoid the sperading of the liberal ideas and to restaure the absolutism.
The ideas of the restauration was the legitimacy of the absolute monarchs and the denial of national sovereignity. -
Battle of Waterloo
In the 1815, the French army, was defeated in Waterloo by Great Britain and Prussia. After this Napoleon abdicated and was sent to the island of Sint Helena, he died there in the 1821. -
Pronunciamiento of Colonel Rafael del Diego
He was a Spanish liberal politician and military man. It gave its name to the famous nineteenth-century hymn known as the Riego hymn, adopted by the liberals during the constitutional monarchy and, later, by the Spanish republicans. He was hanged after the restoration of absolutism that ended the Liberal Triennium. -
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Greek War of Independence
The Greeks were later assisted by Great Britain, France and Russia, while the Ottomans were aided by their North African vassals, particularly the eyalet of Egypt. The war led to the formation of modern Greece. -
Holy Alliance intervention: Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis
The Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis was the popular name for a French army mobilized in 1823 by the Bourbon King of France, Louis XVIII, to help the Spanish Royalists restore King Ferdinand VII of Spain to the absolute power of which he had been deprived during the Liberal Triennium. -
Abolishment of the Combination Acts
The English Combination Acts forbade workers to organize for the purpose of obtaining higher wages or controlling work-place conditions. The acts were repealed as the result of a campaign led by the radical London tailor and political agitator Francis Place and the radical member of Parliament (MP) Joseph Hume. -
Stephenson’s Steam locomotive
Stephenson's Rocket was one of the first steam locomotives with a 0-2-2 wheel arrangement. It was built for the Rainhill Trials, organized by the Liverpool and Manchester Railway in 1829 in order to choose the best design to power the new railway, in which it was the winner. -
Revolutions 1830
This movement starts in France by changin Charles X for Louis Philippe I (Citizen King) starting a constitutional monarchy.
The poland revolt wasn't satisfactory, they wanted to change the autocratic Russian rule, but it was harshly suppressed (1831). -
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Reign of Isabella II
Isabella II, queen of Spain whose troubled reign was marked by political instability and the rule of military politicians. Isabella’s failure to respond to growing demands for a more progressive regime, her questionable private life, and her political irresponsibility contributed to the decline in monarchical strength and prestige that led to her deposition in the Revolution of 1868. -
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First Carlist War
The first Carlist war was a civil war that developed in Spain between 1833 and 1840 between the Carlist, supporters of the Infante Carlos María Isidro de Borbón and an absolutist regime, and the Elizabethans or Cristinos, defenders of Isabel II and the regent María Cristina de Borbón, whose government was originally a moderate absolutist and ended up becoming a liberal to gain popular support. Formerly it was known by Spanish historiography as the Seven Years War or the first civil war. -
Zollverein
Zollverein was an economic organization configured as a customs union. Many German states joined forces to create a free trade zone and establish customs tariffs against third countries. -
Grand National Consolidated Trades Union
The Grand National Consolidated Trades Union was an early attempt to form a national union confederation in the United Kingdom. There had been several attempts to form national general unions , culminating with the National Association for the Protection of Labour. -
Constitution of 1837
The Spanish Constitution of was promulgated in Spain during the regency of María Cristina de Borbón. It was an initiative of the Progressive Party to approve a constitution by consensus with the Moderate Party that would allow the alternation of the two liberal parties without the need to change the Constitution every time the government changed. It was in force until 1845, when the Moderate Party imposed its own Constitution. -
1845 Constitution
The Spanish Constitution of 1845 was the supreme norm during the effective reign of Isabel II, which replaced the Constitution of 1837 the supreme norm during her minority. -
Revolutions of 1848
One of the revolts in this period was in the Austrian Empire. Vienna revolt was based on the liberal principles, the chancellor Metternich forced to resign. They also were some nationalistic uprisings in
Hungary, Bohemia, northern Italy and the German Confederation.
In this period, it was other change in political system in France, by proclaiming the Second Republic. -
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French second Republic
It was proclaimed in the 1848 and it adopted democratic measures (universal suffrage, press freedom,abolition of death penalty and recognition of certain rights for workers. -
The Bessemer process was the first chemical manufacturing process to mass-produce good quality, inexpensive, cast-iron steel from arrabi.
The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass production of steel from molten pig iron before the development of the open hearth furnace. The key principle is removal of impurities from the iron by oxidation with air being blown through the molten iron. -
Coup of 18th Brumaire
The Coup of 18 Brumaire brought General Napoleon Bonaparte to power as First Consul of France and in the view of most historians ended the French Revolution. -
Revolurions 1852
Taken together, the two revolutions can be thought of as echoing aspects of the French Second Republic: the Spanish Revolution of 1852 -
Invention of the Bessemer converter
The Bessemer process was the first chemical manufacturing process to mass-produce good quality, inexpensive, cast-iron steel from arrabi. -
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Italian Unification Process
Before that, the state was divided into several states and in the Congress of Vienna, Austria annexed Lombardy-Venetia.
In the 1859, the Kingdom of Piedmont, ruled by the liberal
monarchy of Savoy with the Primer Minister Cavour, started the unification. Then in the 186, Victor Manuel II of Savoy proclaimed was proclaimed king of Italy. By the 1866, Austria left Venetia and in the 1870, were created the Papal states and Rome became
the capital -
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German Unification Procces
36 states, were part of the German Confederation, and Prussia and Austria were competing for power.
In the 1834, Prussia created a customs union (Zollverein) and in the 1848, they created the 1st freely elected parliament. They offered the crown of Germany to the king of Prussia, he refused it. By the1861, they created new political figures in Prussia: King
Wilhelm I and Otto von Bismarck as chancellor, in 1871, was the Proclamation of the Second German Empire with Wilhelm I as Kaiser. -
First International
The International Association of Workers or First International of the workers, was an organization founded from London in 1864 that initially grouped the English trade unionists, French and Italian republican anarchists and socialists. -
Karl Marx publishes Das Kapital
Resultado de imagen de Karl Marx published Das Kapital
This first volume of Das Kapital was published in Hamburg, issued in printed wrappers. "Marx himself modestly described Das Kapital as a continuation of his Zur Kritik de politischen Oekonomie -
Start of the monarchy of Amadeo of Savoy
He was elected by the Cortes as Spain's monarch in 1870, following the deposition of Isabel II, and was sworn in the following year. Amadeo's reign was fraught with growing republicanism, Carlist rebellions in the north, and the Cuban independence movement. He abdicated and returned to Italy in 1873, and the First Spanish Republic was declared as a result.. -
Proclamation of the First Republic
The Republic's founding started with the abdication as King on 10 February 1873 of Amadeo I, following the Hidalgo Affair, when he had been required by the radical government to sign a decree against the artillery officers. The next day, 11 February, the republic was declared by a parliamentary majority made up of radicals, republicans and democrats. -
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Reign of Alfonso XII
Son of Isabel II, he accompanied his mother into exile when she was dethroned by the Revolution of 1868. In 1870, Isabel II abdicated in favor of her son; and in 1873 he left the defense of the Bourbon cause in Spain in the hands of Antonio Cánovas del Castillo. -
Second international
The Second International was an organization formed by the Socialist and Labor parties that wished to coordinate their activity. -
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Contemporary history
Refers to the history of events usually within the lifetime of the historian, although sometimes, in the European or North American context
